|
|
|
Aquino, L.D., Tullis, J.A., and Stephen, F.M.. 2008.Modeling red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus(Haldeman),
damage using in situ and ancillary landscape data. Forest Ecology and Management 255 (2008) 931–939. |
 |
| Abstract: Red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), has been implicated as a contributing factor to oak decline and
mortality in forests of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. A non-destructive rapid estimation procedure was used to determine red oak borer
infestation histories of northern red oaks, Quercus rubra L., in a series of forest stands. Twenty-three biotic and abiotic variables in 364 vegetationmonitoring
plots were analyzed for possible inclusion in a data distribution-independent machine-learning decision tree model to predict red oak
borer hazard conditions on the Ozark National Forest. Decision tree models generated in this study of red oak borer damage were relatively
successful in explaining patterns in the training data (71–81% overall accuracy), but relatively unsuccessful in predicting red oak borer hazard in
unknown cases (42–49% overall accuracy based on cross-validation). Average clay content, distance to roads, and ridge-top topographic position
were input variables that yielded the highest information content. Increased predictive accuracy likely depends on technology for optimizing the
spatial aggregation scale of each input variable. |
|
Haavik, L.J., Stephen, F.M., Fierke, M.K., Salisbury, V.B., Leavitt, S.W., and Billings, S.A.. 2008.Dendrochronological parameters of northern red oak
(Quercus rubra L.(Fagaceae)) infested with red oak borer
(Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman)(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)). Forest Ecology and Management 255 (2008)1501–1509. |
|
Abstract: Oak-dominated forests in northwestern Arkansas have recently experienced an oak mortality event associated with an unprecedented outbreak
of a native insect, the red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman). To determine whether prior drought was associated with increased E. rufulus
infestation level of Quercus rubra L. trees, we employed a suite of dendrochronological measurements from Q. rubra in affected forest stands.We
examined patterns of tree growth and physiological indicators of stress including a-cellulose d13C, intrinsic water-use efficiency (Wi) and
photosynthetic discrimination (D) in Q. rubra from 1954 to 2002. Basal area increment measurements revealed that Q. rubra with lower levels of
E. rufulus infestation experienced approximately 20% greater stem growth than Q. rubra more severely infested for 17 years prior to the onset of
high rates of Q. rubra mortality. This trend emerged immediately following a severe drought in 1979–1981 and continued through 2002, suggesting
that drought influenced E. rufulus infestation levels of some Q. rubra trees. Indicators of tree carbon and water relations (d13C,Wi, and D) revealed
no relationship with degree of E. rufulus infestation, except for D in 2000, when physiology likely was responding to the advanced stage of decline
in heavily infested trees. d13C, Wi, and D responded to drought periods as predicted early in the study period, but lost their sensitivity to drought
after differences emerged in stem growth rate with degree of infestation. Though reduced stem growth in heavily infested trees suggests these trees
were negatively influenced by E. rufulus infestation, the lack of infestation response of d13C,Wi, and, for much of the study period, D, suggests that
infestation had negligible influence on C–water relations. The study highlights how d13C and d13C-based parameters may not indicate variation in
tree C–water relations when forest disturbances are associated with reductions in tree growth rates. |
|
| Vanessa L. Muilenburg , F. L. Goggin , S. L. Hebert , L. Jia and F. M. Stephen. 2008. Ant predationon red oak borer confirmed by field observation
and molecular gut-content analysis. Agricultural and Forest Entomology (2008), 10, 1–9. |
|
Abstract: Populations of an indigenous longhorn beetle, the red oak borer Enaphalodes
rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), recently reached epidemic levels
in the Ozark National Forests of Arkansas and Missouri, resulting in extensive
tree mortality.
2 The factors regulating E. rufulus populations are largely unknown. Ants appear to
be the most abundant potential predators in the Ozarks and have been shown to
play a role in regulating populations of other forest insects.
3 The main objective of the present study was to determine whether ants are predators
of early E. rufulus life stages by direct observation of E. rufulus eggs artificially
placed on tree trunks and by development of molecular tools to detect
E. rufulus DNA within ant gut contents.
4 Three hundred and eighty E. rufulus eggs were applied to ten northern red oaks.
Ants ate or carried away 72% of the eggs within 1 h. Camponotus pennsylvanicus
(De Geer) and Aphaenogaster tennesseensis (Mayr) were identified as the two
primary ant species observed in the study.
5 A portion of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of E. rufulus was sequenced and
polymerase chain reaction primers were developed to detect E. rufulus DNA in
the guts of C. pennsylvanicus . Enaphalodes rufulus DNA persisted in ant gut
contents for at least 24 h after ingestion under laboratory conditions, and E. rufulus
DNA was detected in field-collected ant populations, suggesting the natural occurrence
of ant predation on this insect. |
|
Fierke, M.K., and Stephen, F.M. 2007. Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) FlightTrapping In The Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. Florida Entomologist
90(3):488-494. |
|
Abstract: High population densities of red oak borer,
Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), are believed
to be a major contributor to recent widespread oak mortality in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas.
The intent of this research was to expand our knowledge on specific aspects of this
insect’s biology, life history, and distribution by trapping flying adults in the Ozark National
Forest during emergence of 2001, 2003, and 2005 cohorts. Passive flight intercept trap
catches revealed that preferred flight height and thus optimal trap placement for monitoring
populations was close to the base of the dominant/co-dominant northern red oak,
Quercus
rubra L., canopy. Flight periods and peak flight were different in 2001 and 2003.
Emergence occurred a week earlier in 2001 vs. 2003. Peak flight occurred over a 3-week period
from mid Jun to early Jul in 2001 in contrast to 2003 peak flight, which occurred the
first week of Jul. Male to female ratios were 1.9:1 and 1.4:1 for 2001 and 2003, respectively.
In 2003, sex ratios varied significantly among 5 topographic positions evaluated, north,
south, east, and west-facing benches and ridges. Total numbers of red oak borers caught varied
both spatially and temporally from cohort to cohort in traps placed in 3 different areas
on 5 topographic positions. This research should facilitate efficient future monitoring of
adult red oak borer and form a basis for investigating stand and landscape-level factors affecting
population densities throughout the forest. |
|
Fierke, M.K., Kelley, M.B., Stephen, F.M. 2007. Site and stand variables influencing red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), population densities and tree mortality. Forest Ecology and Management 247 (2007) 227–236.
|
|
Abstract: Three research areas in the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, were chosen to investigate relationships of site and stand conditions to northern red
oak, Quercus rubra L., mortality attributed to red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), a native wood-boring beetle. Fixed vegetation plots
were installed in each area on five topographic positions: north, south, east, and west-facing benches and on ridges. Red oaks were classified into
three red oak borer infestation history classes, low, moderate, and high, based on crown condition and red oak borer basal emergence holes. Three
red oak borer population variables, number of current generation galleries, previous generation heartwood galleries, and emerging adults, were
extrapolated to the stand-level based on infestation history class and within-tree red oak borer density data derived from whole and partial-tree
sampling during the 2003 red oak borer cohort. Strong explanatory site and stand variables for borer population densities and northern red oak
mortality were number of northern red oak, research area, topographic position, tree species richness, and tree species diversity. Number of
northern red oak was positively correlated with increased borer densities and oak mortality whereas richness and diversity were negatively
correlated. Yearly re-evaluations of 527 red oaks from 2002 to 2005 revealed that 8% improved in health relative to red oak borer infestation, 48%
remained the same, 31% declined, and 13% died. Numbers of living trees and healthy trees decreased in some research areas and on some
topographic positions. Results revealed spatial variability in tree and stand variables, red oak borer densities, and oak mortality and elucidated stand
factors associated with this insect outbreak and oak mortality event. |
|
Crook,
D.J., M.K. Fierke, A. Mauromoustakos, D.L. Kinney, F.M. Stephen.
2007.  Optimization
of sampling methods for within-tree populations of red oakborer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).Environ.
Entomol. 36:589-594.
|
|
Abstract: In the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri, an oak decline
event, coupled with epidemic populations of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus Haldeman), has
resulted in extensive red oak (Quercus spp., section Lobatae) mortality. Twenty-four northern red oak
trees, Quercus rubra L., infested with red oak borer, were felled in the Ozark National Forest between
March 2002 and June 2003. Infested tree boles were cut into 0.5-m sample bolts, and the following red
oak borer population variables were measured: current generation galleries, live red oak borer,
emergence holes, and previous generation galleries. Population density estimates from sampling plans
using varying numbers of samples taken randomly and systematically were compared with total census
measurements for the entire infested tree bole. Systematic sampling consistently yielded lower
percent root mean square error (%RMSE) than random sampling. Systematic sampling of one half of
the tree (every other 0.5-m sample along the tree bole) yielded the lowest values. Estimates from plans
systematically sampling one half the tree and systematic proportional sampling using seven or nine
samples did not differ signiÞcantly from each other and were within 25% RMSE of the “true” mean.
Thus, we recommend systematically removing and dissecting seven 0.5-m samples from infested trees
as an optimal sampling plan for monitoring red oak borer within-tree population densities. This optimal
sampling plan should allow for collection of acceptably accurate within-tree population density data
for this native wood-boring insect and reducing labor and costs of dissecting whole trees. |
|
M.
Brent Kelley, Wingard S.W., Szalanski, S.L., and Stephen, F.M.
2005. Molecular  Diagnostics
of Enaphalodes Rufulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).Florida
Entomologist
89(2): 251-256. |
|
Abstract: Oak-hickory forests in northwestern Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and southern Missouri have
recently experienced an oak decline event with widespread oak mortality. The oak mortality is
associated with an outbreak of a native wood-boring cerambycid,
Enaphalodes rufulus
(Haldeman),
the red oak borer. Taxonomic identification, below the family level, of larval Cerambycidae
through traditional morphological methods is not usually possible. We employed molecular diagnostics,
with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP),
to distinguish
E. rufulus
from other closely related species of cerambycids. A portion of
the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene, isolated from legs or thoraxes of adult museum specimens,
was amplified and digested with
Alu
I and
Hind
III restriction enzymes. Both restriction
enzymes independently produced fragments for
E. rufulus
that were significantly different from
any other cerambycid tested.
Alu
I had one restriction site for
E. rufulus
and two restriction
sites for all other cerambycids tested, while
Hind
III did not cut for
E. rufulus
but did cut at one
restriction site for all other cerambycids. Eggs, larvae, and pupae of
E. rufulus
along with an unknown
cerambycid larva and pupa were successfully amplified and digested by this method to
verify validity of this technique for multiple life stages. |
|
| Ware,
V. L.; Stephen, F. M. 2006. Facultative Intraguild Predation
of Red Oak Borer Larvae (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae). Environmental Entomology, Volume 35, Number
2, April 2006, pp. 443-447(5). |
|
Abstract: In the Ozark National forests of Arkansas and Missouri, an outbreak of a native
cerambycid beetle, the red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), seems responsible for
widespread oak mortality. The underlying reasons for this outbreak are being studied. Historically, a
small portion of within-tree red oak borer mortality has been attributed to natural enemies (woodpeckers
and nitidulid larvae), but the majority of mortality is from unknown factors. In four experiments,
phloem sandwiches were used to observe inter- and intraspeciÞc predation on red oak borer
larvae. Our studies revealed that red oak borer was cannibalistic and that this behavior resulted in
statistically signiÞcant weight gain. Observations were alsomadeon predaceous behavior by associated
insect larvae, speciÞcally carpenterworms, elaterids, and nitidulids. We found that carpenterworms
and elaterids will eat red oak borer larvae, but nitidulids exhibited no predaceous behavior. These
observed behaviors may have important implications for red oak borer population dynamics because
they identify potential mortality factors to red oak borer larvae. |
|
| Fierke,
M.K., D.L. Kinney, V.B. Salisbury, D.J. Crook, and F.M. Stephen.
2005. Development
and Comparison of Intensive and Extensive Sampling Methods
and Preliminary Within-Tree Population Estimates of Red Oak
Borer (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae) in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. Environ.
Entomol., 34(1): 184-192. |
|
Abstract: Populations of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman),
a native wood-boring beetle, seem to be at unprecedented levels
that are coinciding with extensive oak mortality occurring in
the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. To
quantify population levels, we developed intensive and extensive
sampling methods with respect to the seasonal phenology of active
and quiescent stages of the borerÕs synchronous 2-yr
life cycle. Intensive whole-tree sampling yields data for the
entire infested tree bole and provides baseline data for development
of less time-consuming sampling methods. Extensive partial-tree
sampling uses a nine-sample proportional sam-pling scheme to
estimate densities, which are extrapolated to the whole tree.
Data comparison reveals extensive estimates and intensive data
are not signiÞcantly different, thus verifying extensive
sampling as a relatively accurate and acceptable sampling method.
Preliminary data from 58 trees conÞrm epidemic population
levels in three areas of the Ozark National Forest in northern
Arkansas. Mean number of phloem galleries initiated by current
generation larvae on 38 trees was 599 50 (SE) per tree, average
number of live red oak borer found in 57 trees was 77 15 per
tree, and mean number of previous generation heartwood galleries
present in 38 trees was 185 30. Data generated through his research
will permit detailed studies of red oak borer biology and mortality,
acilitate development of less time-consuming Þeld sampling
techniques, and set the stage for further study of factors contributing
to the current outbreak and associated tree mortality.
|
|
| Fierke,
M.K.,Kinney, D.L., Salisbury, V.B., Crook, D.J., and Stephen,
F.M. 2005. A rapid estimation
procedure for within-tree populations of red oak borer (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae). Forest Ecology and Management 215 (2005) 163–168. |
|
Abstract:
Epidemic populations of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman),
a native wood-boring cerambycid beetle, appear to be a primary
factor contributing to oak mortality across the Ozark Mountains
of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Missouri. We developed a rapid estimation
procedure (REP) to quickly, non-destructively and economically
assess current density and infestation history of red oak borer
in northern red oaks, Quercus rubra L., under outbreak conditions
in the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. The REP is a survey
method for classifying individual trees that takes less than
2 min per tree and uses two variables: crown condition and number
of emergence holes on the basal 2 m of a tree. Data obtained
through intensive and extensive population sampling validate
classification of trees into three REP infestation classes,
which exhibited significantly different densities of measured
red oak borer population variables. Numbers of emergence holes
and previous generation galleries increased significantly across
infestation classes from I (low) to III (high). Class I trees
had significantly fewer attack holes than did Class II or III
trees. Numbers of current generation galleries and live larvae
were significantly lower in Class I than Class II trees, but
Class III trees could not be distinguished from the other classes.
The REP is an efficient sampling procedure as it facilitates
greatly increased sample sizes, thus, allowing estimation of
red oak borer populations at the stand, area and
landscape level. Information provided by this kind of survey
method may be vital to understand causes and extent of the current
outbreak as well as predict future outbreaks and design silvicultural
treatments for enhancing forest health.
|
|
| Stephen,
F. M.; Salisbury, V. B. ; Oliveria, F. L. 2001. Red oak borer,
Enaphalodes rufulus
(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae),
in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, USA: an
unexpected and
remarkable forest
disturbance. Integrated Pest Management Reviews.6:247-252. |
|
| Abstract:
A
complex interaction of multiple factors has resulted in an oak
decline event in oak-hickory forests of the Ozark Mountains
of Arkansas and Missouri, U.S.A. The most striking feature of
this situation is an unprecedented population explosion of red
oak borer, a species of cerambycid beetle, Enaphalodes rufulus
(Haldeman), which appears to be causing extensive mortality
to mature red oaks (Quercus, subgenus Erythrobalanus). The insect
is a native species, historically a minor pest of oaks, found
throughout the eastern United States. Beetles normally reproduce
in living oaks, as larvae initially feed in phloem tissue and
subsequently bore into xylem where pupation occurs. The life
cycle is two years in length and synchronous adult emergence
occurs in odd-numbered years. Data from previous research indicate
average attack densities of less than four per tree with a high
of 71 on a single tree. Historical emergence densities are similarly
low and the highest reported was 15 adults from one tree. Our
research is concerned with understanding factors contributing
to this outbreak; developing sampling methods for red oak borer;
assessing oak mortality; and evaluating site and stand conditions
associated with the current outbreak. Results of our initial
sampling reveal dramatically higher average attack densities
of 244 per m2 and emergence densities of 18 per m2 of bark surface
area. We confirm a three-week period of adult emergence and
activity during mid-June to early July. We also report on possible
management responses by federal and state agencies to this remarkable
epidemic and oak mortality crisis. |
|
| Petit,
Daniel R.; Grubb, Thomas C.; Petit, Kenneth E.; Petit, Lisa
J. 1987. Predation on overwintering
wood borers by woodpeckers in clear-cut forests. The Wilson
Bulletin. 100(2):306-309. |
|
| Galford,
Jimmy R. 1986. Role of Predators on an Artificially Planted
Red Oak Borer Population.
USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
331: 1-2. |
|
| Abstract:
Adult survival of first-instar red oak borer larvae, Enaphalodes
rufuls (Haldeman), implanted into red oak trees, Quercus
ruba L., was 4 times greater when the larvae were protected
from predators. Nitidulids, ants, and woodpeckers accounted
for 40 to 60 percent of the mortality in unprotected larvae.
Most mortality in protected larvae occurred from unknown causes
during the first overwintering period. |
| Feicht,
David L.; Acciavatti, Robert. 1985. Pilot Test of Red Oak Borer
Silvicultural Control in Commercial
Forest Stands. 280 – 284. |
| Abstract:
The results of a pilot test of a silvicultural control for the
red oak borer, Enaphalodes Rufulus (Haldeman), is presented.
The control method consisted of felling brood trees with two
or more ongoing borer attacks and sectioning them into pieces
18 to 24 inches long. Six stands, 219 acres total, were selected
on the Tell City Ranger District, Hoosier National Forest, Indiana.
Stands were 30 to 60 years old, had 444 to 6,020 board feet
of oak volume/acre, and were 15 to 100 acres. Treatment costs
ranged from $5 to $41/acre. Treatments applied in March and
April 1981, showed that borer population densities can be too
high or too low to allow efficacious treatment. Stand growth
was projected with the GROAK computer simulation model and potential
profits of losses were calculated. Errors in brood-tree detection
and failure to treat marked trees reduced treatment efficiency
in all stands. Ant predation was the primary cause of larval
and pupal mortality in treated trees. |
| Donley,
David E.; Rast, Everette. 1984. Vertical Distribution of the
Red Oak Borer, Enaphalodes rufulus
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in Red Oak. Environ. Entomol.
13(1):41-44. |
| Abstract:
Red oak borer attack height was directly related to
red oak size in immature oak stands. Attack density was inversely
related to tree size. Borer density within size classes was
not significantly different when trees from Pennsylvania stands
were compared with trees from Indiana stands. Median attack
height was always less than 5 m for trees up to 30.0 cm in diameter
at breast height. Almost 75% of the attacks were found in the
economically important basal 4-m trunk portion in all size classes
of trees. |
| Galford,
Jimmy R. 1984. Selection for a Nondiapausing Strain of Artificially
Reared Red Oak Borers. USDA
Forest Service: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research
Note. 319: 1-4. |
| Abstract:
The incidence of nondiapause in artificially reared
red oak borers increased from 4 to 61 percent in five generations.
Fecundity dropped by more than 50 percent, but fertility was
unaffected. Sixty percent of the nondiapausing larvae formed
prepupa by the 12th week of development in the F1 and the F4
generations. |
| Donley,
David E. 1983. Cultural Control of the Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae) in Forest
Management Units. Journal of Economic Entomology. 76: 927-929. |
|
| Abstract:
Treated population levels of the red oak borer, Enaphalodes
rufulus Haldeman, were reduced by 63 to 68% compared to
untreated populations. Treatment of forest management units
consisted of felling and sectioning all "brood trees"
in ca. 34 ha of east-central Ohio oak/hickory stands. Less than
1% of the potential crop trees were sacrificed to treatment
in each management unit. Costs ranged from $16-18/ha, and benefits
ranged from $528-1232/ha, assuming an 80-year timber management
regimen. Red oak borer larvae (3- to 6-month-old) in felled
trees were preyed on by ants of the genus Aphaenogaster and
tunnels made by 12- to 20-month-old larvae were colonized by
female ants Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). |
| Galford,
Jimmy R. 1983. Life History of the Red Oak Borer, Enaphalodes
Rufulus (Haldeman),
in White Oak (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological News.
94(1):7-10. |
|
| Abstract:
Young red oak borer larvae feed horizontally in white
oak but mostly vertically in red, black, and scarlet oak. Overgrowths
of successful attacks in white oak appear as "L" or
reverse "L" marks on the trees. In a study in central
and southern Ohio between 1977 and 1981, 27 of 457 trees examined
in the basal 6 feet had borer injuries. Only small, suppressed
trees were injured. |
| Donley,
David E. 1981. Control of the Red Oak Borer By Removal of Infested
Trees. Journal of
Forestry. 731-733. |
|
| Abstract:
The red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus, Haldeman, was
controlled in even-aged, 45 year old stands by removing infested
trees. Up to 6 percent of the basal area of red (Quercus
rubra L.), black (Q. velutina Lam.), scarlet (Q.
coccinea Muenchh.), and white (Q. alba L.) oak
was sacrificed per stand. Borer populations were reduced by
about 50 percent in the first generation after treatment and
by about 90 percent in the second generation. Treatments were
carried out during the winter of 1974-75 and required two to
five man hours per acre. |
| Donley,
David E. 1980. Number, Size, and Location of Red Oak Borer,
Enaphalodes Rufulus Haldeman,
Attack Sites On Red Oaks in Indiana. Proceedings Central Hardwood
Forest Conference
III. 458-465. |
| Abstract:
The distribution and size of red oak borer (Enaphalodes
rufulus Haldeman) attack sites were studied during 1978
and 1979 in five forest stands on the Tell City Ranger District
in the Wayne-Hoosier National Forest, Indiana. Species examined
included: northern red oak, Quercus rubra L.; black
oak, Q. velutina Lam.; and scarlet oak, Q. coccinea
Muenchh. Tree diameter classes ranged from 1 to 12 inches dbh.
Discussion of distribution and abundance of attack sites includes
the variability amond stands, among trees within stands, and
within the tree. Indiana red oak borer attack-site patterns
are compared to patterns found in Ohio. Indiana red oak borer
population levels and attack-site patterns are used to estimate
borer impact on the red oak forest component. A pest management
strategy for the stands under study is presented. |
| Donley, D.E.; Acciavatti, R.E.
1980. Red Oak Borer. Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet: U.S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service. 163:1-7. |
| Galford, Jimmy R. 1980. Bait Bucket
Trapping For Red Oak Borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Forest
Service Research Note: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
293: 1-2. |
| Abstract:
Forty baits were tested in buckets to attract the red
oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman). Only six
beetles were caught. A low beetle population and above normal
rainfall may have reduced the catch. However, many other cerambycids
were trapped. |
| Galford, J. R.
1979. Preliminary Test of Booby-trapping for control of two
cerambycids. Forest Service Research
Note: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1-3. |
| Abstract:
Small aluminum "boats" containing cotton
saturated with lindane were glued to elytra of female red oak
borers and locust borers and the beetles released into cages
or onto trees. Males attempting to mate with booby-trapped females
contacted the insecticide and died. However, females also became
contaminated in mating attempts and soon died. |
| Donley, David E. 1978. Oviposition
by the Red Oak Borer, Enaphalodes rufulus Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 71(4):496-498. |
|
| Abstract:
Oviposition and host preference tests were conducted with red
oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), collected
at the Scioto Trial State Forest, Ohio. Activities such as crawling,
flying, mating, stridulation, and oviposition began ca. 2200
EST at light intensities under 2 fc, temperatures above 15C,
and RH above 75%. Multiple matings were common but unmated females
did not lay eggs. Forty-five females laid an average of 119
eggs, in a 19 day average oviposition period. Egg viability
averaged 99%. Host preference tests with wood samples indicated
that the red oak borer prefer northern red oak, Quercus
rubra L., black oak, Q. velutina Lam., and scarlet
oak, Q. coccinea Muenchh, over white oak, Q. alba
L., for oviposition. When oak wood is not available, females
lay only 4% of their eggs on wood samples of species such as
black walnut, Juglans nigra L., white ash, Fraxinus
americana L., shagbark hickory, Carya ovata (Mill.)
K Kock, red maple, Acer rubrum L., and American elm,
Ulmus americana L. Oviposition sites are in bark cracks,
under bark scales, and under lichen patches. On trees with smooth
bark, eggs are laid under tightly attached vines such as poison
ivy, Rhus toxicodendron L., and Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus
spp. Eggs are held in place by a water souble adhesive. |
| Galford, J. R.
1978. A Trap for tree-inhabiting Cerambycids. Forest Service
Research Note Ne 258 Northeastern
Forest Experiment Station. 1-4. |
| Abstract:
To determine species and numbers of insects visiting a tree,
a paper trap for cerambycids was designed and tested on locust
borers, Megacyllene robiniae (Forster), and red oak borers,
Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldemen), under plantation and
forest conditions. Test results show that the trap could be
used successfully to capture locust borers but it requires some
modification for red oak borers. Several other cerambycid species
were also captured in the trap. |
| Galford, J.R. 1977. Attempt at
concentrating red oak borer eggs by providing artificial oviposition
sites. USDA Forest
Service Research Notes -Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
June 27, 1997:
1-2. |
| Abstract:
Thirty-eight scarlet and 14 black oaks were spirally wrapped
to a height of about 2 m with black or white cotton tape 2.5
cm wide in an attempt to increase oviposition of the red oak
borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), on selected
trap trees. However only 57 eggs were laid under tape on 17
of the trees, all scarlet oaks. Attacks but no eggs were found
on some of the wrapped black oaks. |
| Galford,
Jimmy R. 1975. Red Oak Borers Become Sterile When Reared Under
Continuous Light. USDA
Forest Service: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research
Note. 205: 1-2. |
| Abstract:
Red Oak Borers, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman),
reared under continuous light for 12 weeks became sterile. Sterility
is thought to have been caused by light destroying vitamins
essential for fertility. |
| Galford, Jimmy
R. 1974. Some Physiological Effects of Temperature on Artificially
Reared Red Oak Borers.
Journal of Economic Entomology. 67: 709-710. |
| Abstract:
Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) was artificially reared
at 21.1, 26.7, and 32.2 C. Larvae reared at 21.1 degrees required
ca. 50 days longer to develop than larvae reared at 26.7 or
32.2 degrees and were much smaller. Females reared at 21.1 degrees
produced half as many eggs as females reared at 32.2 degrees.
Most of the larvae entered diapause soon after reaching their
maximum weight. A cold treatment was required to break diapause. |
| Hay, C. John. 1974. Survival
and Mortality of Red Oak Borer Larvae on Black, Scarlet, and
Northern Red
Oak in Eastern Kentucky. Annals of the Entomological Society
of America. 67(6):981-986. |
|
| Abstract:
Survival and mortality of 3 generations of the red oak borer,
Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), were studied over a
7-year period. The borers showed a preference for black oak
over red and scarlet oaks. Larval mortality was abou the same
on all hosts. Tree vigor and size did not affect larval mortality;
however, both factors did influence attack density. Potential
brood trees are less than 29 cm dbh, small and large pole size,
and are growing slower than 5.1 mm in diameter per year. Larval
mortality was 40% in the early instars, primarily because of
woodpecker predation. In the mid-instar stages, there was 51%
mortality of the surviving larval population. This was due mainly
to a sequence of events at the attack site: wound sap-insect
invaders - fermenting medium. Lepidopterous wood borer larvae
(largley Prionoxystus spp.) invaded wound sites when
the red oack borer was in the mid- or late-larval stages and
causes mortality by apparent direct killing of 5-10% of the
surviving larvae. |
| Hay, C. John. 1972. Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae) Emergence from Oak in Ohio.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 65(5):1243-1244. |
|
| Hay, C John. 1972. Woodpecker
Predation on Red Oak Borer in Black, Scarlet, and Northern
Red Oak. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 65(6):1421-1423. |
|
| Donley, D.E.; C.J.Hay; Burns, D.P.
1969. Borers in Ohio Oaks. Ohio Woodlands. 7(4): 17-18. |
| Hay, C. John. 1969. The Life
History of a Red Oak Borer and Its Behavior in Red, Black, and
Scarlet Oak. Proceedings North Central Branch - E. S. A. 24(2):125-127. |
|
| Abstract:
Field observations made in south-central Ohio and eastern Kentucky
show that a red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman),
has a 2-year synchronized life cycle, with adult emergence in
oddnumbered years. The observed development of the life stages
is depicted on a month-by-month basis. |
| Hay, C. John.
1968. Frass of Some Wood-Boring Insects in Living Oak (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae; Lepidoptera:
Cossidae and Aegeriidae). Annals of the Entomological Society
of America. 61(2):255-258. |
| Abstract:
Hand-lens descriptions of extruded dry frass are given for 5
wood-boring insects that attack living black scarlet, and red
oaks, namely, the red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman)
and the living-beech borer, Goes pulverulentus (Haldeman) [Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae]; a clear-winged moth, Paranthrene palmii
(Hy. Edwards) [Lepidoptera: Aegeriidae]; and the carpenterworm,
Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck), and the little carpenterworm,
P. macmurtrei (Guerin-Meneville) [Lepidoptera: Cossidae]. The
2 constituents of frass---excrement pellets and wood pieces--are
described according to their shape, length, color, and solidity.
Knowledge of the frass characteristics of these insects helps
in identifying the boring species and in revealing the stage
of larval development molting periods, and mortality. Further,
knowledge of the length of wood slivers and/or pellets of excrement
generally produced by the insect permits prediction of adult
emergence. |
| Hay, C. John.
1962. Reduce Red Oak Borer Damage Silviculturally. USDA Forest
Service: Central States
Forest Experiment Station. 154:1-2. |
|
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