[Be sure you are familiar with the format and ground rules for this exam.]

Questions will be referred to by their "names," listed to their left.

"Name"	Question
NI-FAT	What is the "Case of the Innocent Fat Man" as explained by Nielsen? What, according to Nielsen, should be done in such a case? Why?
NI-APR	It is sometimes said that moral theory is a priori? What does this mean? Does it follow that the truth of moral principles and judgments is independent of how the world is? Explain.
NZ-MAT	What, according to Robert Nozick, matters to us in addition to our experiences? Explain his attempt to convince us of this. Critically discuss.
P-UNR	Explain the distinction Derek Parfit draws between the "Unrestricted Desire-Fulfilment Theory" and the "Success Theory." Which does he think a better theory? Why? Critically discuss.
P-GLO	Explain the distinction Derek Parfit draws between Summative and Global versions for the Success theory. Which does he think a better version? Why? Critically discuss.
SM-E&R	J.J.C. Smart draws a distinction between what he calls "extreme" and "restricted" utilitarianism. Explain as fully as you can what this distinction is. What is the role of rules in each? Which does Smart favor? What are his arguments against the other form of utilitarianism? Critically discuss and evaluate.
SM-PRA	Under what circumstances, according to Smart, should an action be praised? Why? Is this consistent with his view of when actions are morally right? Explain. Critically discuss.
SM-UNI	What two forms of the universalization principle does Smart distinguish? Explain the difference between them. What, if anything, do they have to do with the distinction between extreme and restricted utilitarianism? Explain.
SM-COM	What role does J.J.C. Smart think considerations of "the common moral consciousness" should play in the considerations of ethical philosophers? Explain and critically discuss.
SM-RUL	What role does Smart think rules should play in moral decision making?
SM-PRA	Under what circumstances, according to J.J.C. Smart, should an utilitarian praise some action? What does moral praiseworthiness have to do with moral rightness on Smart's theory? Critically discuss.
SM-EVE	The argument is often used in morality that you should not do something because "what if everyone did that?" Are there any acts such that if everyone did them the results would be disastrous, but which are nonetheless not morally wrong?
H-REL	What are "relevant respects" according to Hospers? Explain what kinds of moral rules will be disallowed by his account of "relevant respects" and what will be allowed. Critically explore.
H-CONF	Some versions of rule utilitarianism ae such that when two rule utilitarian rules conflict the morally right thing to do is determined by the act utilitarian principle. Explain how John Hospers deals with these cases. Critically discuss.
H-RULE	Argue in favor of rule utilitarianism as a moral theory.
W1-NR	What does Bernard Williams mean by "negative responsibility?" Is the doctrine of negative responsibility correct? Critically discuss.
W1-EX	Explain the details either of Bernard Williams' "George's job prospect" example or of his "Jim and the Indians" example in his critique of utilitarianism. What kind of consideration, according to Williams, does a utilitarian analysis of Williams' "George" and "Jim" examples leave out which ought not be left out? How can utilitarianism best be defended against Williams' critique? Critically discuss.
W1-JI	Explain the details of Bernard Williams' "Jim and the Indians" example. What should Jim do in these circumstances? Why? Explore answers that might be given by various ethical theories or principles.
W1-EF	Bernard Williams writes "Now there is one version of this effect in which, for a utilitarian, some confusion must be involved, namely that in which the agent feels bad, his subsequent conduct and relations are crippled and so on, because he thinks that he has done the wrong thing ..." What is Williams talking about here? What does he think the confusion is? Is there a confusion here? Is he right?
W1-SQ	Bernard Williams talks about "the `squeamishness' appeal." What does he mean by this? What does it have to do with utilitarianism? What does Williams have to say about it? Is he right?
W1-RA	Bernard Williams considers "a racial minority," which "does no particular harm," but such that "the other citizens have such prejudice that they find the sight of this group, even the knowledge of its presence, very disagreeable." What point is Williams trying to make with this example? Does it show what Williams thinks it shows?
W1-IN	What does Bernard Williams mean by "integrity" and how is this, on his view, relevant to morality? Is he right? Critically discuss.
W1-PR	Of a decision utilitarianism suggests is correct, Bernard Williams asks "But what if it conflicts with some project of mine?" What moral relevance does such conflict have? What does Williams think here?
W-INT	Williams suggests that utilitarianism alienates one from one's actions and the source of our actions in our own convictions and is "an attack on [our] integrity." Explain Williams reasons for this claim. Critically discuss.