Format of the Examination:

This examination counts as twenty percent (20%) of your grade. You will be asked to write two (2) essays, each worth ten (10) points, with a maximum possible of twenty (20) points. At the start of the examination I will list the "names" of at least four (4) questions from which you must choose two (2) on different philosophers. Please print out this document, put your name on it, and bring it (without notes written on it) to the examination for reference. It will be collected at the end of the examination.

Be sure to bring a blue book with you to the examination.

Ground Rules:

1. Naturally no help in answering the questions may be received from anyone (except yourself) during the examination. The work you hand in should be your own work.

2. Undergraduate students: You may bring with you to the examination one (1) sheet of paper (8 1/2" x 11", one side only, crammed as full as you care to make it) of notes to use during the examination. You may use any abbreviations or diagrams on the sheet you find helpful (as well as English, of course). You may not use any unusual aids (e.g., magnifying glass, microfiche reader) during the examination to read the sheet. (Your usual spectacles and contact lenses are not "unusual aids.") No other books or notes may be used during the examination. What appears on the sheet of notes you bring to class should be your own work. Each person should be the "author" of his or her own "sheet." One exception: you may include quotations (but not photocopied) on your "sheet" from the textbook or from any handout I have given. Everyone who uses such a "sheet" must hand it in with the examination with her or his name clearly on it. (The sheet does not have to be legible otherwise--just so you can read it.) The sheet will not be used to help determine a grade for the examination. (So on the examination don't say "see point 6a on the sheet.") I will return these sheets to you if and when you come by to pick up your graded examination.

Questions:

"Name"	Question
Leopold	Explain Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic." Explain how he sees the notion of a "community" underlies this ethic. Critically discuss Leopold's view
Corner	Callicott claims that Leopold's land ethic rests on three cornerstones. What are these three foundations for the land ethic and how do they in different ways support it? Critically discuss.
Super	Callicott speaks of "superorganism" model, which he attributes to early Leopold. What is this superorganism and how does appeal to it provide a foundation for a land ethic? Critically discuss.
Facism	Regan characterized Leopold's land ethic as "environmental fascism." Explain this charge against Leopold's view. How does Callicott attempt to defend Leopold against the charge? Is Callicott's defense adequate? Critically discuss.
Anthro	Rolston talks of "anthropogenic" value. What does he mean by that term? What are his objections to the view that all value is anthropogenic? Critically discuss.
Biocentric	Explain Rolston's argument for "Biocentric Values." What value would there be if there were no rational or sentient beings? What is the source of this value? Critically discuss.
Religion	In what sense is Arne Naess' "Deep Ecology" like a religion? How does it differ from religions? Critically discuss.
Anti-Class	Arne Naess says "The principles of ecological egalitarianism and of symbiosis support ... [an] anti-class posture." (P 148a) What connection does Naess see between environmentalism and rejection of class? Critically discuss.
Devall	Explain the principles of deep ecology as seen by Devall and Sessions. Critically discuss.
Guha	Guha claims that "invoking the bogy of anthropocentrism is at best irrelevant and at worst a dangerous obfuscation." (P 273a) Explain what he means by this and what his defense of it is. Critically discuss.
Present	Consider a presentation for the class, other than your own. Offer a brief summary of the presentation. Then offer critique and/or development of your own concerning the issues raised.