"We may consider a lie to be a statement which the speaker believes to be
false." (p.131bf)
"What I call a deception [roughly Lee's "trickery"], on the other hand, consists
either [(1)] in true
statements which are nonetheless misleading, or [(2)] in actions which convey a
false impression, or [(3)] in the deliberate withholding of information where
the person not informed is misled into drawing a false conclusion.
Deception can be inadvertent, but where it is deliberate, the agent must
want someone to draw a false conclusion." (p.132a)
"Two important conceptual questions . . . are whether the statement made
by the liar must be false, or whether it is enough for the liar to
believe it is false; and whether the liar must tell the lie with the intent to
deceive the hearer." (p.137b)
Richard Lee,