"We may consider a lie to be a statement which the speaker believes to be false." (p.131bf)

"What I call a deception, on the other hand, consists either in true statements which are nonetheless misleading, or in actions which convey a false impression, or in the deliberate withholding of information where the person not informed is misled into drawing a false conclusion. Deception can be inadvertent, but where it is deliberate, the agent must want someone to draw a false conclusion." (p.132a)

"Two important conceptual questions . . . are whether the statement made by the liar must be false, or whether it is enough for the liar to believe it is false; and whether the liar must tell the lie with the intent to deceive the hearer." (p.137b)