[Be sure you are familiar with the format and ground rules for this exam.]

Questions will be referred to by their "names," listed to their left.

"Name"	Question
H-ANAL	Explain argument by analogy. Give an example of an argument by analogy other than one involving God, and show how the argument fits into the form of an analogy. What makes some arguments by analogy better or worse than others? Critically discuss.
H-NATT	Explain what natural theology is and what positions the various characters in Hume's Dialogues take on the possibility of success in natural theology. Which position (one of theirs or some other) on natural theology seems most reasonable to you? Why? Critically discuss.
H-LOOK	Explain the "Look round the world ..." argument concerning the existence and nature of God offered by Cleanthes in Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.
H-PH-O	Explain as clearly as you can and in some detail the various objections Philo raises to the main argument Cleanthes offered to prove for the existence of God and to establish what God is like.
H-LIKE	Philo says that the principle Cleanthes appeals to in his primary argument in Hume's Dialogues is "Like effects prove like causes." Explain how this principle does (or does not) figure into Cleanthes' argument. Is it a good principle in general (quite apart from discussions about God)? Critically discuss.
H-COP	Cleanthes says "a caviller might raise all the same objections to the Copernican system which you have urged against my reasonings." What are Cleanthes reasonings which are in question? What objections did Philo raise against those reasonings? Why does it seem to Cleanthes that the same objections could be raised against the "Copernican system?" Explain Philo's response to this. Critically discuss.
H-IDE	In Part IV of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Philo asks Cleanthes "How, therefore, shall we satisfy ourselves concerning the cause of that Being whom you suppose the Author of Nature, or ... the Ideal World into which you trace the material?" What does Philo mean by "the Ideal World" here? What is the problem that Philo is pointing out here with Cleanthes' position? What does Philo propose as a solution? What is Cleanthes' reply? Is it adequate? Critically discuss.
H-ATTR	Name several traits commonly attributed to God which Philo argues (in Part V) cannot be established by the argument Cleanthes has offered to establish the nature of God. Why does Philo think these cannot be established by the argument? Critically discuss.
H-ANI	In Part VI of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Philo likens the universe to an animal. Explain this analogy. On this analogy, according to Philo, what role does a Deity play? What is Cleanthes' criticism of this analogy? What kind of living thing, according to Cleanthes is the universe more like? Why? Critically discuss.
H-ETER	Near the end of Part VI of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Cleanthes argues that the world is not eternal. Explicate his argument. How does Philo object to the argument? Critically discuss.
H-NEW	In Part VIII of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Philo offers a "new hypothesis of cosmogony." Explain this hypothesis. What is the hypothesis supposed to account for? Explain. What is Cleanthes' objection to the hypothesis? Critically evaluate the hypothesis and Cleanthes' reply.
H-APR	In Part IX of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Demea offers an argument for the existence of a Deity. Carefully explain Demea's argument. Explain the objections Cleanthes raises to this argument. Critically evaluate the argument and Cleanthes' reply.
H-E-AR	Carefully explicate the problem of evil as an argument to the conclusion that God does not exist. Explain each premise in the argument and how the flow of the argument (i.e. how the inferences go from the premises to the subconclusions and the final conclusion).
H-E-OB	Explore possible objections to the argument against the existence of God based on the logical problem of evil and explain how a defender of that argument might reply to those objections. Critically discuss.
H-E-RC	In Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Demea suggests, as a "solution" to the problem of evil, that "the present evil phenomena ... are rectified ... in some future period of existence?" Explain this suggestion. On what grounds does Cleanthes reject it? Is Cleanthes right to reject it? Why or why not? Critically discuss.
B-ARGU	Explain how Bentham argues with those who reject the principle of utility as the principle for separating right from wrong actions. Critically discuss.
B-THEO	Explain Bentham's view of what he calls the "theological principle" in II.18. Critically discuss.
B-DETER	How, according to Bentham, are we ideally to determine whether some action is right or wrong? What considerations are to be taken into account? Is Bentham's method adequate? Why or why not?
B-EG	Bentham details how to determine the "general tendency of an act, by which the interests of a community are affected." Explain this method and apply it to an example. That is, explain how one could apply Bentham's method to determine whether tell a lie, for instance.
B-VALU	Explain all the factors Jeremy Bentham delineates for considering the value of a pleasure or pain. Give examples of pleasures and pains which have and lack these features. Does his way of evaluating pleasures seem adequate? Why or why not? Critically discuss.
B-INT	In Chapter VIII Bentham distinguishes various ways in which an act or a consequence may be intentional or unintentional. Explain what Bentham means by "obliquely intentional," "conjunctively inexclusively intentional," "disjunctively inexclusively intentional," and "indiscriminately inexclusively intentional" incidents. In each case give your own example. (In particular don't simply repeat the king's death example with minor changes.)
B-UNME	Bentham indicates four situations in which punishment should not be inflicted. Explain what each of these are, giving examples. Is he right that in each of these cases there should not be punishment? Critically discuss.