[Be sure you are familiar with the format and ground rules for this exam.]

Questions will be referred to by their "names," listed to their left.

"Name"	Question
M-LIFE	John Stuart Mill distinguishes a utilitarian "theory of life" from a "theory of morality." Explain what each of these is and how they are related.
M-HAPP	What, according to John Stuart Mill, is happiness? Explain in some detail what Mill says about happiness.
M-SWIN	How does Mill respond to the objection that his utilitarian doctrine is "a doctrine worthy only of swine ...?" Critically discuss.
M-QUAL	Mill claims that pleasures differ in quality as well as in quantity. What does Mill mean by this and what support does he offer for the claim? Critically discuss.
M-HIGH	J. S. Mill claims that some pleasures have "higher value" than other pleasures. Explain his argument for this claim. Critically discuss.
M-SOC	John Stuart Mill claimed that "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied, better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied." Critically discuss his argument for this claim.
M-CHOS	Some people who have experienced the "higher" or mental pleasures still at times choose sensual pleasures instead. How does Mill account for this? Critically discuss.
M-WORT	How does Mill think we are to decide which pleasures are more worth having? Is this method reasonable? Critically discuss.
M-CHAR	What, according to Mill, are the criteria for judging the morality of an action and for judging the worth or character of some person or agent? Critically discuss.
M-GODL	"We not uncommonly hear the doctrine of utility inveighed against as a godless doctrine." So writes John Stuart Mill in Utilitarianism. Explain this objection and Mill's reply to it. Is Mill's reply satisfactory? Discuss.
M-OBJS	In chapter II of Utilitarianism Mill considers several objections to utilitarianism. Among them are (a) that happiness is unobtainable, (b) that utilitarianism ignores the virtue of self-sacrifice, (c) that utilitarianism requires too much of people, and (d) utilitarianism is a godless doctrine. Explain one of these objections (being sure to indicate clearly which one you are explaining). How does Mill answer that objection? Is the reply adequate? Critically discuss.
M-VISI	John Stuart Mill has been amply criticized for this passage: "The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible is that people hear it; and so of the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to provide that anything is desirable is that people do actually desire it." What evidence is it possible to provide that something is desirable? (To answer this you will have to discuss what it means for something to be desirable.)
M-AGGR	John Stuart Mill writes: "each person's happiness is a good to that person; and the general happiness, therefore, is a good to the aggregate of all persons." Explicate and critically discuss this argument.
M-XCEP	Mill claims that "there is in reality nothing desired except happiness." What support does Mill put forward for this claim? Critically discuss.
M-END	John Stuart Mill claims that "The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end." (Utilitarianism chapter IV) Explain this claim and critically discuss the argument or arguments he offers in support of this claim.
M-PART	Mill claims that for some people virtue is a part of their happiness. Explain what Mill means by this. Is he right? Critically discuss.
M-DAVI	In response to an objection by Rev. J. Llewellyn Davies Mill makes a distinction between motive and intention. Critically discuss Davies' objection and Mill's response to it.
S-DES	Explain Descartes' view of the nature of the mind, the nature of the body, and the connection between them. Explain and evaluate the problems with Descartes' account.
S-POS	Explain the traditional monist and dualist positions on the mind-body problem. How do the various views account for the apparent interaction between mental and physical events? Which seems most plausible to you? Why? Explain one advantage one of the other views has over the one you find most plausible.
S-INT	What is "intentionality" (as that term is used by Searle)? Give examples of intentional mental states (in this sense of the term) and explain how they are intentional. Is there anything other than mental states that is intentional? If so, what? Explain.
S-EPI	What is epiphenomenalism? Explain the view and compare and contrast it with other views of the mind. Is this a reasonable view? Critically discuss.
S-LEIB	Searle appeals to "Leibnitz's Law" to generate an objection to the "identity theory" of the mind/body relationship. Explain what Leibnitz's law is and how it can be used to formulate an objection to the identity theory.
S-CHAU	Searle talks about the charge of "neuronal chauvinism" being raised against the identity theory. What is the identity theory? What is neuronal chauvinism? What shift in the identity theory does Searle claim resulted in answer to this charge? Explain.
S-TYPE	Explain the type-token distinction. What is the "type-type identity theory" and how does it differ from the "token-token identity theory?" Explain. Which is more plausible and why?
S-FUNC	Explain the view called "functionalism." According to the functionalist what is a mental state? Give examples. Is functionalism a plausible theory? Why or why not?
S-SAI	Explain the view Searle calls "Strong A I." According to Strong A I what is a mental state? Give examples. Is Strong A I a plausible theory? Why or why not?
S-ELIM	What is eliminative materialism? Explain the view and compare and contrast it with other views of the mind. Is this a reasonable view? Critically discuss.
S-CHIN	Explain Searle's "Chinese Room" thought experiment. What is it supposed to show? Does it do so? Why or why not? (Be sure to consider specific objections to his argument.) Critically discuss.
S-SOL	Searle -- in section II of chapter 4 of Mind -- offers what he calls a "solution" to the mind-body problem. Explain and critically discuss his solution.
S-MIST	Searle writes "The worst mistake is to suppose that the common-sense distinction between mental states naively construed and physical states naively construed is an expression of some deep metaphysical distinction." (p.80) Explain how Searle thinks these states have been construed. Explain Searle's supposed correction to the mistake. Critically discuss.
S-MIST	Searle writes "the view I am expounding differs from both materialism and dualism." (p.88) Explain Searles' view and how he claims it be be neither materialism nor dualism. Critically discuss.
S-FEAT	Explain each of the various features of mental phenomena Searle identifies.
S-PAN	What is panpsychism? Explain the view and compare and contrast it with other views of the mind. Is this a reasonable view? Critically discuss.
S-DOF	Explain what Searle means by the "direction of fit" and "conditions of satisfaction" of mental states. Give various examples.
S-CSR	Searle talks of the "causal self-referentiality" of some mental states. What does he mean by that? Which mental states have causal self-referentiality, according to Searle? Explain the conditions of satisfaction of these states. Which mental states do not have causal self-referentiality?
F-HARD	How might a hard determinist argue that no one is responsible for any of her or his actions? Critically discuss.
F-COMP	Explain the compatibilist view on the relation between free action and determinism. Make this view as plausible as you can and give examples of actions that would be free, and others that would not be free, according to this view. Is compatibilism correct? Explain.
F-DEF	What does it mean to say that someone does some action freely? That is, how is "acting freely" to be defined? What would an incompatibilist say it means? What would a compatibilist say it means? Who is right? Critically discuss.
F-SOFT	What, according to a soft determinist, does it mean to say that someone did something freely? How is the soft determinist's understanding of freedom different from that of the hard determinist and the libertarian? Critically discuss.
F-ARG	Argue for or against the view known as compatibilism. Critically discuss this view and the arguments for and against it.