CO-ORDINATION:
Co-ordination is the linking of two INDEPENDENT CLAUSES in a manner
which demonstrates the relationship between the thoughts expressed in one
and those expressed in the other.
- In co-ordination, the clauses (or other grammatical units) joined are
of roughly equal importance.
CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS and PARTICLES, such as [et, sed, quamquam,
nam], are commonly placed between the INDEPENDENT clauses in order to specify
their relationship.
Marcus Sextum pulsat, et librum eius capit. (Marcus hits Sextus,
AND he takes his book.)
- [Marcus Sextum pulsat] is an INDEPENDENT clause.
- [librum eius capit] is also an INDEPENDENT clause.
- The co-ordinating conjunction [et] links the two INDEPENDENT clauses.
NOTA BENE:
- The clauses being co-ordinated need not always be in the same sentence.
| Copulative Conjunctions |
Meaning (linking) |
| et |
and (et... et... = both... and...) |
| atque (ac) |
and (strengthened); what follows is more important than what precedes |
| -que |
and (this particle is enclitic; it must be appended to the end of
the word it couples) |
| quoque |
also (always follows the word it joins) |
| etiam |
even, yet, still, also |
| Adversative Particles |
Meaning (contradiction or difference from the preceding statement) |
| sed |
but |
| autem |
however, but |
| at |
but |
| tamen |
nevertheless (often combined with [sed, verum, at]) |
| ceterum |
as for the rest, but (common in historians) |
| verum |
true, true but |
| vero |
of a truth (placed as the second word of a clause; post-positive) |
| Disjunctive Particles |
Meaning (one or the other, not both) |
| aut |
or, or rather, or at least (aut... aut... = either... or...) |
| vel |
or (if you choose) (vel... vel... = either... or...) |
| sive (seu) |
si-ve; or if (sive... sive... = whether... or...) |
| -ve |
or |
| Causal Particles |
Meaning (because of, explains the cause of the previous statement) |
| nam |
for (placed at the beginning of a clause) |
| enim |
for (placed as the second word of a clause; post-positive) |
| namque |
for (strengthened) |
| etenim |
et-enim; and indeed |
| Inferential Particles |
Meaning (consequence, gives result of the previous statement by inference) |
| itaque |
and so |
| igitur |
therefore |
| ergo |
therefore by necessity (strengthened) |
| propterea |
on that account, therefore |
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