TEMPUS FUTURUM: Future Tense

FUTURE ACTIVE: (indicative, imperative)

FUTURE DEPONENT: (indicative, imperative)

FUTURE PASSIVE: (indicative)

 CONJUGATION of the FUTURE TENSE:

  • The future tense is formed in two distinct ways depending on the conjugation of the verb.
  • There are NO future subjunctives.

 

1st & 2nd Conjugations:

  • The tense marker for the 1st & 2nd conjugations is the addition of [-bo, -bi, -bi; -bi, -bi, -bu] to the present stem, and then the personal endings.
  • ALL STEM CHARACTERISTIC VOWELS are LONG before the tense marker [-b-].

 

3rd & 4th Conjugations:

  • The tense marker for the 3rd & 4th conjugations is the addition of [-a, -e, -e; -e, -e, -e] to the present stem, and then the personal endings.
  • ALL TENSE MARKER VOWELS are LONG, except before the active personal endings [-m, -t, -nt] or before the passive personal endings [-r, -ntur].

FUTURE ACTIVE:

 EXAMPLE TRANSLATION:
Persona/Numerus  Singularis  Pluralis
 1st Persona

 ama-bo

I will love

ama-bi-mus

We will love

 2nd Persona

 ama-bi-s

You (sing.) will love

 ama-bi-tis

You (pl.) will love

 3rd Persona

 ama-bi-t

He, she, it will love

 ama-bu-nt

They will love

 FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE:

(present stem + b[o,i,u] OR [a, e] + present active personal endings)
   1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio  

 esse

 1st singularis  ama-bo habe-bo leg-a-m audi-a-m    er-o
 2nd singularis  ama-bi-s  habe-bi-s  leg-e-s  audi-e-s    eri-s
 3rd singularis  ama-bi-t  habe-bi-t  leg-e-t  audi-e-t    eri-t
             
 1st pluralis  ama-bi-mus  habe-bi-mus  leg-e-mus  audi-e-mus    eri-mus
 2nd pluralis  ama-bi-tis  habe-bi-tis  leg-e-tis  audi-e-tis    eri-tis
 3rd pluralis  ama-bu-nt  habe-bu-nt  leg-e-nt  audi-e-nt    eru-nt

NOTA BENE:

  • The form of the 1st person, singular, future, indicative for the 3rd and 4th conjugations is equivalent to that of the 1st person, singular, present, subjunctive.

 FUTURE ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE: NONE

  • In place of this form, the ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC my be used: i.e. the FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE with the present or imperfect subjunctive forms of [esse].

 FUTURE ACTIVE IMPERATIVE:

(present stem + future active imperative endings)
   1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio  

 esse

 1st singularis            
 2nd singularis  ama-to  habe-to  leg-i-to  audi-to    es-to
 3rd singularis  ama-to  habe-to  leg-i-to  audi-to    es-to
             
 1st pluralis            
 2nd pluralis  ama-tote  habe-tote  leg-i-tote  audi-tote    es-tote
 3rd pluralis  ama-nto  habe-nto  leg-u-nto  audi-u-nto    su-nto

NOTA BENE:

  • Unlike the present imperative, the future imperative has THIRD PERSON forms.
  • In place of 1st person imperative forms, the HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE is used.

 

FUTURE DEPONENT:

 EXAMPLE TRANSLATION:
Persona/Numerus  Singularis  Pluralis
 1st Persona

 horta-bo-r

I will exhort

horta-bi-mur

We will exhort

 2nd Persona

 horta-be-ris (-re)

You (sing.) will exhort

 horta-bi-mini

You (pl.) will exhort

 3rd Persona

 horta-bi-tur

He, she, it will exhort

 horta-bu-ntur

They will exhort

 FUTURE DEPONENT INDICATIVE:

(present stem + b[o,i,u] OR [a, e] + present passive personal endings)
   1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio
 1st singularis horta-bo-r pollice-bo-r loqu-a-r menti-a-r
 2nd singularis  horta-be-ris (-re)  pollice-be-ris (-re)  loqu-e-ris (-re)  menti-e-ris (-re)
 3rd singularis  horta-bi-tur  pollice-bi-tur  loqu-e-tur  menti-e-tur
         
 1st pluralis  horta-bi-mur  pollice-bi-mur  loqu-e-mur  menti-e-mur
 2nd pluralis  horta-bi-mini  pollice-bi-mini  loqu-e-mini  menti-e-mini
 3rd pluralis horta-bu-ntur  pollice-bu-ntur  loqu-e-ntur  menti-e-ntur

NOTA BENE:

  • The form of the 1st person, singular, future, indicative for the 3rd and 4th conjugations is equivalent to that of the 1st person, singular, present, subjunctive.
  • Also, the 2nd person, singular of the 1st & 2nd conjugation verbs substitutes [-be-] for the usual [-bi-].

 

 FUTURE DEPONENT SUBJUNCTIVE: NONE

  • In place of this form, the ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC may be used: i.e. the FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE with the present or imperfect subjunctive forms of [esse].

 

 FUTURE DEPONENT IMPERATIVE:

(present stem + future passive imperative endings)
   1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio
 1st singularis        
 2nd singularis  horta-tor  pollice-tor  loqu-i-tor  menti-tor
 3rd singularis  horta-tor  pollice-tor  loqu-i-tor  menti-tor
         
 1st pluralis        
 2nd pluralis        
 3rd pluralis  horta-ntor  pollice-ntor  loqu-u-ntor  menti-u-ntor

 

FUTURE PASSIVE:

 EXAMPLE TRANSLATION:
Persona/Numerus  Singularis  Pluralis
 1st Persona

 ama-bo-r

I will be loved

ama-bi-mur

We will be loved

 2nd Persona

 ama-be-ris (-re)

You (sing.) will be loved

 ama-bi-mini

You (pl.) will be loved

 3rd Persona

 ama-bi-tur

He, she, it will be loved

 ama-bu-ntur

They will be loved

 FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE:

(present stem + b[o,i,u] OR [a, e] + present passive personal endings)
   1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio  

 esse

 1st singularis  ama-bo-r habe-bo-r leg-a-r audi-a-r  

 /

 2nd singularis  ama-be-ris (-re)  habe-be-ris (-re)  leg-e-ris (-re)  audi-e-ris (-re)  

  /

 3rd singularis  ama-bi-tur  habe-bi-tur  leg-e-tur  audi-e-tur  

 /

             
 1st pluralis  ama-bi-mur  habe-bi-mur  leg-e-mur  audi-e-mur  

 /

 2nd pluralis  ama-bi-mini  habe-bi-mini  leg-e-mini  audi-e-mini  

 /

 3rd pluralis  ama-bu-ntur  habe-bu-ntur  leg-e-ntur  audi-e-ntur  

 /

NOTA BENE:

  • The form of the 1st person, singular, future, indicative for the 3rd and 4th conjugations is equivalent to that of the 1st person, singular, present, subjunctive. Also, the 2nd person, singular of the 1st & 2nd conjugation verbs substitutes [-be-] for the usual [-bi-].

 

 FUTURE PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE: NONE

 

FUTURE-PERFECT // PLUPERFECT // PERFECT // IMPERFECT // PRESENT // FUTURE

Liber Grammaticus Latinus /\\||\\/ Classis Latina MIII Pagina Villae