PARTICIPIA

PRESENT ACTIVE:

PERFECT PASSIVE:

FUTURE ACTIVE:


 The participle is a VERBAL-ADJECTIVE; as such, it has properties of both a VERB and an ADJECTIVE.

  • As an adjective, the participle MUST agree with the noun which it modifies in CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER.
  • As a verbal form, the participle is able to take part in grammatical relationships appripriate to its VOICE as if it were a verb. In addition, participles have TENSE.
  • Only three forms of the participle exist in Latin: PRESENT ACTIVE, PERFECT PASSIVE, and FUTURE ACTIVE.

 TEMPUS/VOX

 ACTIVUS

 PASSIVUS

 FUTURUM

 amaturus, -a, -um

about to love

 /

 PRAESENS

 amans, -ntis

loving

 /

 PERFECTUM

 /

 amatus, -a, -um

having been loved

 

 

 PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE: (amans, -ntis) from [amo, amare]

present verb stem + [-ns, -ntis] (3rd declension):
   (M/F) singularis  pluralis  (N) singularis  pluralis
 Nominativus  ama-ns  ama-nt-es  ama-ns  ama-nt-ia
 Accusativus  ama-nt-em  ama-nt-es [-is]  ama-ns  ama-nt-ia
 Genetivus  ama-nt-is  ama-nt-ium  ama-nt-is  ama-nt-ium
 Dativus  ama-nt-i  ama-nt-ibus  ama-nt-i  ama-nt-ibus
 Ablativus  ama-nt-i [-e]  ama-nt-ibus  ama-nt-i [-e]  ama-nt-ibus

NOTA BENE:

  • As an adjective, the present active participle agrees with the noun which it modifies in CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER. As an ACTIVE verbal form, the present active participle is able to take direct and/or indirect objects.

  • Translate as "X-ing." Marcus sciens Iulium eum pulsaturum esse, fugit. Marcus, knowing that Iulius is about to hit him, runs away. Iulius puerum fugientem persequitur. Iulius chases the boy fleeing. (Some adjectives have the same form as the present participle; translate them as regular adjectives.)

  • The ablative singular uses [-i] when the participle is functioning solely as an adjective (does not take an object.) When the participle takes an object OR is part of an ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE construction, it will use the [-e] ending.

 

 PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE: (amatus, -a, -um) from [amo, amare]

perfect participle stem + case ending (1st & 2nd declension):
   (M) singularis  pluralis  (F) singularis  pluralis   (N) singularis  pluralis
 nominativus  amat-us  amat-i  amat-a  amat-ae  amat-um  amat-a
 accusativus  amat-um  amat-os  amat-am  amat-as  amat-um  amat-a
 genetivus  amat-i  amat-orum  amat-ae  amat-arum  amat-i  amat-orum
 dativus   amat-o  amat-is  amat-ae  amat-is   amat-o  amat-is
 ablativus   amat-o  amat-is   amat-a  amat-is   amat-o  amat-is

NOTA BENE:

  • As an adjective, the perfect passive participle agrees with the noun which it modifies in CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER. As an PASSIVE verbal form, the perfect passive participle is able to be used with passive constructions like the ablative of agent.

  • Translate as "having been X-ed" or just "X-ed." Alis [factis,] Daedalus e labyrintho effugit. (With the wings [having been constructed,] Daedalus fled from the labyrinth.) Icarus haud [visus] in caelum volat. (Icarus, hardly [having been seen,] flies into the sky.)

  • When combined with a form of the verb [esse,] the perfect passive participle forms a verb of the PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM. Its tense depends on the tense of the form of [esse.]

  • When the perfect participle is formed from a DEPONENT VERB, the result is a PERFECT DEPONENT PARTICIPLE, which is ACTIVE in meaning and should be translated as "having X-ed." The perfect deponent participle may also be translated as if in the present.

 FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE: (amaturus, -a, -um) from [amo, amare]

perfect participle stem + [-ur-] + case ending (1st & 2nd declension):
   (M) singularis  pluralis  (F) singularis  pluralis   (N) singularis  pluralis
 nominativus  amat-ur-us  amat-ur-i  amat-ur-a  amat-ur-ae  amat-ur-um   amat-ur-a
 accusativus  amat-ur-um  amat-ur-os  amat-ur-am  amat-ur-as  amat-ur-um   amat-ur-a
 genetivus  amat-ur-i  amat-ur-orum  amat-ur-ae  amat-ur-arum   amat-ur-i  amat-ur-orum
 dativus  amat-ur-o  amat-ur-is  amat-ur-ae  amat-ur-is  amat-ur-o  amat-ur-is
 ablativus  amat-ur-o  amat-ur-is  amat-ur-a  amat-ur-is  amat-ur-o  amat-ur-is

NOTA BENE:

  • Translate as "going to X" or "about to X." Marcus profecturus ad ludum malum capit. Marcus, about to go to school, takes an apple.

Liber Grammaticus Latinus /\\||\\/ Classis Latina MIII Pagina Villae