TEMPUS PERFECTUM: Perfect Tense

ACTIVE: (indicative, subjunctive)

DEPONENT: (indicative, subjunctive)

PASSIVE: (indicative, subjunctive)

CONJUGATION of the Perfect TENSE: The perfect tense is formed in two distinct methods dependant on VOICE.   ACTIVE VOICE: The perfect active is formed by the ADDITION of the perfect active personal endings to the perfect stem.   PASSIVE VOICE: All forms of the perfect passive are COMPOUND (composed of two seperate words): the perfect passive participle and a present form of [esse]. Since the perfect passive participle in the compound form always modifies the SUBJECT, it must always be nominative. Its number and gender will vary in order to match the noun which it modifies.

PERFECT ACTIVE:

EXAMPLE TRANSLATION: Persona/Numerus  Singularis  Pluralis  1st Persona  amav-i I loved, have loved, did love amav-imus We loved, have loved, did love  2nd Persona  amav-isti You (sing.) loved, have loved, did love  amav-istis You (pl.) loved, have loved, did love  3rd Persona  amav-it He, she, it loved, have loved, did love  amav-erunt They loved, have loved, did love

PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE: (perfect stem + perfect active personal endings)    1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio    esse  1st singularis  amav-i habu-i leg-i audiv-i    fu-i  2nd singularis  amav-isti  habu-isti  leg-isti  audiv-isti    fu-isti  3rd singularis  amav-it  habu-it  leg-it  audiv-it    fu-it                1st pluralis  amav-imus  habu-imus  leg-imus  audiv-imus    fu-imus  2nd pluralis  amav-istis  habu-istis  leg-istis  audiv-istis    fu-istis  3rd pluralis  amav-erunt (-ere)  habu-erunt (-ere)  leg-erunt (-ere)  audiv-erunt (-ere)    fu-erunt (-ere) NOTA BENE: In addition to the alternative, syncopated (shortened) 3rd person plural forms listed above, verbs with 1st person singular ending in [-avi, -evi, -ivi] may be syncopated in the 2nd person (singular and plural) and 3rd person plural by the suppression of [-v-] and contraction of the following vowel. e.g. [amav-isti] becomes [ama-sti]; [amav-erunt] becomes [ama-runt].

PERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE: (perfect stem + modified future of [esse])    1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio    esse  1st singularis  amav-erim  habu-erim  leg-erim  audiv-erim    fu-erim  2nd singularis  amav-eris  habu-eris  leg-eris  audiv-eris    fu-eris  3rd singularis  amav-erit  habu-erit  leg-erit  audiv-erit    fu-erit                1st pluralis  amav-erimus  habu-erimus  leg-erimus  audiv-erimus    fu-erimus  2nd pluralis  amav-eritis  habu-eritis  leg-eritis  audiv-eritis    fu-eritis  3rd pluralis  amav-erint  habu-erint  leg-erint  audiv-erint    fu-erint NOTA BENE: The forms of the future perfect indicative closely resemble those of the perfect active subjunctive; however, the future perfect has [-ero] for the 1st person singular, and none of the other endings have long vowels.

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PERFECT DEPONENT:

EXAMPLE TRANSLATION: Persona/Numerus  Singularis  Pluralis  1st Persona  hortat-us sum I exhorted, have exhorted, did exhort hortat-i sumus We exhorted, have exhorted, did exhort  2nd Persona  hortat-us es You (sing.) exhorted, have exhorted, did exhort  hortat-i estis You (pl.) exhorted, have exhorted, did exhort  3rd Persona  hortat-us est He, she, it exhorted, have exhorted, did exhort  hortat-i sunt They exhorted, have exhorted, did exhort

PERFECT DEPONENT INDICATIVE: (perfect deponent participle & indicative present of [esse])    1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio    esse  1st singularis  hortat-us sum pollicit-us sum locut-us sum mentit-us sum    /  2nd singularis  hortat-us es  pollicit-us es  locut-us es  mentit-us es     /  3rd singularis  hortat-us est  pollicit-us est  locut-us est  mentit-us est    /                1st pluralis  hortat-i sumus  pollicit-i sumus  locut-i sumus  mentit-i sumus    /  2nd pluralis  hortat-i estis  pollicit-i estis  locut-i estis  mentit-i estis    /  3rd pluralis  hortat-i sunt  pollicit-i sunt  locut-i sunt  mentit-i sunt    /

PERFECT DEPONENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (perfect deponent participle & subjunctive present of [esse])    1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio    esse  1st singularis  hortat-us sim pollicit-us sim locut-us sim mentit-us sim    /  2nd singularis  hortat-us sis  pollicit-us sis  locut-us sis  mentit-us sis     /  3rd singularis  hortat-us sit  pollicit-us sit  locut-us sit  mentit-us sit    /                1st pluralis  hortat-i simus  pollicit-i simus  locut-i simus  mentit-i simus    /  2nd pluralis  hortat-i sitis  pollicit-i sitis  locut-i sitis  mentit-i sitis    /  3rd pluralis  hortat-i sint  pollicit-i sint  locut-i sint  mentit-i sint    /

PERFECT PASSIVE:

EXAMPLE TRANSLATION: Persona/Numerus  Singularis  Pluralis  1st Persona  amat-us sum I was loved, have been loved amat-i sumus We were loved, have been loved  2nd Persona  amat-us es You (sing.) was loved, have been loved  amat-i estis You (pl.) were loved, have been loved  3rd Persona  amat-us est He, she, it was loved, have been loved  amat-i sunt They were loved, have been loved

PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE: (perfect passive participle & indicative present of [esse])    1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio    esse  1st singularis  amat-us sum habit-us sum lect-us sum audit-us sum    /  2nd singularis  amat-us es  habit-us es  lect-us es  audit-us es     /  3rd singularis  amat-us est  habit-us est  lect-us est  audit-us est    /                1st pluralis  amat-i sumus  habit-i sumus  lect-i sumus  audit-i sumus    /  2nd pluralis  amat-i estis  habit-i estis  lect-i estis  audit-i estis    /  3rd pluralis  amat-i sunt  habit-i sunt  lect-i sunt  audit-i sunt    /

PERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE: (perfect passive participle & subjunctive present of [esse])    1st coniugatio  2nd coniugatio  3rd coniugatio  4th coniugatio    esse  1st singularis  amat-us sim habit-us sim lect-us sim audit-us sim    /  2nd singularis  amat-us sis  habit-us sis  lect-us sis  audit-us sis     /  3rd singularis  amat-us sit  habit-us sit  lect-us sit  audit-us sit    /                1st pluralis  amat-i simus  habit-i simus  lect-i simus  audit-i simus    /  2nd pluralis  amat-i sitis  habit-i sitis  lect-i sitis  audit-i sitis    /  3rd pluralis  amat-i sint  habit-i sint  lect-i sint  audit-i sint    /

FUTURE-PERFECT // PLUPERFECT // PERFECT // IMPERFECT // PRESENT // FUTURE

Liber Grammaticus Latinus /\\||\\/ Classis Latina MIII Pagina Villae