PRONOMINA

INTEROGATIVE PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

PERSONAL & REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS: (pro + nomina; in the place of a noun) Pronouns are used to take the place of noun (specific name) in any grammatical function. e.g. [Marcus Sextum pulsat] can be rephrased as [Marcus eum pulsat], where the demonstrative pronoun [eum] takes the place of the noun [Sextum].

RELATIVE PRONOUNS: (re + fero, ferre, tuli, latum; to carry back, to refer back)    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   qu-i *  qu-ae *   qu-od *  Accusativus  qu-em  qu-am   qu-od *  Genetivus   cu-ius  cu-ius   cu-ius  Dativus  cu-i   cu-i  cu-i  Ablativus  qu-o  qu-a  qu-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   qu-i   qu-ae  qu-ae  Accusativus  qu-os  qu-as  qu-ae  Genetivus  qu-orum  qu-arum  qu-orum  Dativus  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is)  Ablativus  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is) NOTA BENE: The relative pronoun refers to a noun (or other form functioning as a noun) which is termed its ANTECEDENT (ante + cedere; to go before), with which it must agree in NUMBER and GENDER. The CASE of a relative pronoun is determined by its function within its own clause. The relative pronoun is very common and typically sets up a dependant RELATIVE CLAUSE, in which it almost always comes first. The antecedent is often immediatly before the relative pronoun. A relative clause functions much like a huge adjective modifying its antecedent. e.g. Marcus, [quem Iulius pigrum esse dixit,] se prudentem esse putat. Marcus, [whom Iulius said was lazy,] thinks that he himself is wise. The relative clause [quem Iulius pigrum esse dixit,] refers to the antecedent [Marcus]. [quem] is Singular and Masculine in order to agree with [Marcus], but it is Accusative because it is in an indirect speech construction set up by the verb [dixit]. Both [cuius] and [cui] contain the diphthong [ui] and are thus long by nature in that syllable. The interrogative pronoun differs in form from the relative only in the instances marked by the asterisks.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS: (inter + rogare; to ask between, to question)    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   qu-is *  qu-is *   qu-id *  Accusativus  qu-em  qu-am   qu-id *  Genetivus   cu-ius  cu-ius   cu-ius  Dativus  cu-i   cu-i  cu-i  Ablativus  qu-o  qu-a  qu-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   qu-i   qu-ae  qu-ae (qu-a)  Accusativus  qu-os  qu-as  qu-ae (qu-a)  Genetivus  qu-orum  qu-arum  qu-orum  Dativus  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is)  Ablativus  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is)  qu-ibus (qu-is) NOTA BENE: [nam] can be added as a suffix to strengthen the question: e.g. [quisnam] who indeed? Both [cuius] and [cui] contain the diphthong [ui] and are thus long by nature in that syllable. The interrogative pronoun differs in form from the relative only in the instances marked by the asterisks. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES: When the interrogative modifies a noun (or substantival adjective) in its clause, the interrogative adjective must be used rather than the pronoun. e.g. [Quae puella est?] rather than [quis puella est?] because [quae] modifies [puella], the function of an ADJECTIVE not of a pronoun. The interrogative adjective is identical in form to the RELATIVE PRONOUN.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: (de + monstrare; to show completely, point out) The demonstrative pronouns as a whole have the ability to function as either PRONOUNS or ADJECTIVES. In addition, they have the peculiar singular genitive [-ius] and dative [-i] also found in the nine irregular adjectives of number: unus, nullus, ullus, solus, neuter, alius, uter, totus, alter.  is, ea, id: He, She, It, the Particular One    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   is  ea   id  Accusativus  e-um  e-am   id  Genetivus   e-ius  e-ius   e-ius  Dativus  e-i   e-i  e-i  Ablativus  e-o  e-a  e-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   e-i (i-i)   e-ae  e-a  Accusativus  e-os  e-as  e-a  Genetivus  e-orum  e-arum  e-orum  Dativus  e-is (i-is)  e-is (i-is)  e-is (i-is)  Ablativus  e-is (i-is)  e-is (i-is)  e-is (i-is) NOTA BENE: [eius] indicates possession by someone other than the subject of the clause: e.g. Iulia ludicrum [eius] cepit. Iulia took [his/her/its] (NOT her own) toy. To refer to a possession of the subject, use the reflexive adjective [suus, -a, -um]: e.g. Iulia ludicrum [suum] cepit. Iulia took [her own] toy.  idem, eadem, idem: the Same    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   i-dem  ea-dem   i-dem  Accusativus  e-un-dem  e-an-dem   i-dem  Genetivus   e-ius-dem  e-ius-dem   e-ius-dem  Dativus  e-i-dem   e-i-dem  e-i-dem  Ablativus  e-o-dem  e-a-dem  e-o-dem          Nominativus (pluralis)   e-i-dem (i-dem)   e-ae-dem  e-a-dem  Accusativus  e-os-dem  e-as-dem  e-a-dem  Genetivus  e-orun-dem  e-arun-dem  e-orun-dem  Dativus  e-is-dem (is-dem)  e-is-dem (is-dem)  e-is-dem (is-dem)  Ablativus  e-is-dem (is-dem)  e-is-dem (is-dem)  e-is-dem (is-dem) NOTA BENE: This form is a combination of [is, ea, id] and the suffix [-dem]. When the form of [is, ea, id] ends in [-m], it is changed to [-n] before this sufix: e.g. [eam + -dem =eandem]  hic, haec, hoc: This, These    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   hi-c  hae-c   ho-c  Accusativus  hun-c  han-c   ho-c  Genetivus   hu-ius  hu-ius   hu-ius  Dativus  hu-i-c   hu-ic  hu-i-c  Ablativus  h-o-c  h-a-c  h-o-c          Nominativus (pluralis)   h-i   h-ae  h-ae-c  Accusativus  h-os  h-as  h-ae-c  Genetivus  h-orum  h-arum  h-orum  Dativus  h-is  h-is  h-is  Ablativus  h-is  h-is  h-is NOTA BENE: The [-c] ending in the singular forms is the remnant of an archaic suffix [-ce], which indicated a thing in the immediate presence of the speaker. The complete form is sometimes seen.  ille, illa, illud: That, Those    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   ill-e  ill-a   ill-ud  Accusativus  ill-um  ill-am   ill-ud  Genetivus   ill-ius  ill-ius   ill-ius  Dativus  ill-i   ill-i  ill-i  Ablativus  ill-o  ill-a  ill-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   ill-i   ill-ae  ill-a  Accusativus  ill-os  ill-as  ill-a  Genetivus  ill-orum  ill-arum  ill-orum  Dativus  ill-is  ill-is  ill-is  Ablativus  ill-is  ill-is  ill-is  iste, ista, istud: That of Yours, Those of Yours    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   ist-e  ist-a   ist-ud  Accusativus  ist-um  ist-am   ist-ud  Genetivus   ist-ius  ist-ius   ist-ius  Dativus  ist-i   ist-i  ist-i  Ablativus  ist-o  ist-a  ist-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   ist-i   ist-ae  ist-a  Accusativus  ist-os  ist-as  ist-a  Genetivus  ist-orum  ist-arum  ist-orum  Dativus  ist-is  ist-is  ist-is  Ablativus  ist-is  ist-is  ist-is  ipse, ipsa, ipsum: (him, her, my, your, their, it)-self, the Very One, the Actual    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   ips-e  ips-a   ips-um  Accusativus  ips-um  ips-am   ips-um  Genetivus   ips-ius  ips-ius   ips-ius  Dativus  ips-i   ips-i  ips-i  Ablativus  ips-o  ips-a  ips-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   ips-i   ips-ae  ips-a  Accusativus  ips-os  ips-as  ips-a  Genetivus  ips-orum  ips-arum  ips-orum  Dativus  ips-is  ips-is  ips-is  Ablativus  ips-is  ips-is  ips-is

PERSONAL & REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: (persona; a mask, an individual) & (re + flectere; to turn back)    1st Person  2nd Person  3rd Person (refelxive)  Nominativus (singularis)   ego  tu   /  Accusativus  me  te   se (sese)  Genetivus   mei  tui   sui  Dativus  mihi (mi)   tibi  sibi  Ablativus  me  te  se (sese)          Nominativus (pluralis)   nos   vos  /  Accusativus  nos  vos  se (sese)  Genetivus  nostrum (nostri)  vestrum (vestri)  sui  Dativus  nobis  vobis  sibi  Ablativus  nobis  vobis  se (sese) NOTA BENE: Reflexive forms refer back to the subject, thus they have no nominative forms. The nominative personal pronoun is often used for emphasis, although the Latin verb does not require the subject to be specified. e.g. [Marcum pulso.] becomes [Ego Marcum pulso.] for emphasis. When simple possession is intended, rather than a grammatical function requiring the genitive, the POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE is used instead of the genitive forms of the personal pronoun.  POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE:    1st Person  2nd Person  3rd Person (refelxive)  Singularis   me-us, -a, -um  tu-us, -a, -um   su-us, -a, -um          Pluralis   noster, -tra, -trum   vester, -tra, -trum  / When the preposition [cum] is used with the personal pronoun, it is appended to the end of the ablative pronoun form: [mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum.] The enclitic particle [-met] can be added to forms of the personal pronoun for emphasis: e.g. [egomet] I myself.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: (in + definire; not limited, defined)  aliquis, aliqua, aliquid: Someone    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   ali-qu-is  ali-qu-a   ali-qu-id  Accusativus  ali-qu-em  ali-qu-am   ali-qu-id  Genetivus   ali-cu-ius  ali-cu-ius   ali-cu-ius  Dativus  ali-cu-i   ali-cu-i  ali-cu-i  Ablativus  ali-qu-o  ali-qu-a  ali-qu-o          Nominativus (pluralis)   ali-qu-i   ali-qu-ae  ali-qu-a  Accusativus  ali-qu-os  ali-qu-as  ali-qu-a  Genetivus  ali-qu-orum  ali-qu-arum  ali-qu-orum  Dativus  ali-qu-ibus (ali-qu-is)  ali-qu-ibus (ali-qu-is)  ali-qu-ibus (ali-qu-is)  Ablativus  ali-qu-ibus (ali-qu-is)  ali-qu-ibus (ali-qu-is)  ali-qu-ibus (ali-qu-is)  quidam, quaedam, quiddam: a Certain    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   qu-i-dam  qu-ae-dam   qu-od-dam (qu-id-dam)  Accusativus  qu-en-dam  qu-an-dam   qu-od-dam (qu-id-dam)  Genetivus   cu-ius-dam  cu-ius-dam   cu-ius-dam  Dativus  cu-i-dam   cu-i-dam  cu-i-dam  Ablativus  qu-o-dam  qu-a-dam  qu-o-dam          Nominativus (pluralis)   qu-i-dam   qu-ae-dam  qu-ae-dam  Accusativus  qu-os-dam  qu-as-dam  qu-ae-dam  Genetivus  qu-orun-dam  qu-arun-dam  qu-orun-dam  Dativus  qu-ibus-dam  qu-ibus-dam  qu-ibus-dam  Ablativus  qu-ibus-dam  qu-ibus-dam  qu-ibus-dam  quisque, quaeque, quodque: Each, Everyone    Masculine  Feminine  Neuter  Nominativus (singularis)   qu-is-que  qu-ae-que   qu-od-que  Accusativus  qu-em-que  qu-am-que   qu-od-que  Genetivus   cu-ius-que  cu-ius-que   cu-ius-que  Dativus  cu-i-que   cu-i-que  cu-i-que  Ablativus  qu-o-que  qu-a-que  qu-o-que          Nominativus (pluralis)   qu-i-que   qu-ae-que  qu-ae-que  Accusativus  qu-os-que  qu-as-que  qu-ae-que  Genetivus  qu-orum-que  qu-arum-que  qu-orum-que  Dativus  qu-ibus-que  qu-ibus-que  qu-ibus-que  Ablativus  qu-ibus-que  qu-ibus-que  qu-ibus-que

Liber Grammaticus Latinus /\\||\\/ Classis Latina MIII Pagina Villae