Single Process Versus Dual Process Models of Memory Types of Memory

• Explicit
• Implicit

Types of Memory Measures

• Direct
• Indirect

Direct Measures of Memory

• Recall
• Free Recall
• Cued Recall

• Recognition
• Old/New
• Forced Choice

Single Process Models: Signal Detection Theory

• Before any item is studied, concepts have a pre-existing level of familiarity.
• These familiarity values are normally distributed
• Studying increases the familiarity of items resulting in two overlapping normal distributions, one for studied items and one for unstudied items.
• The distance between the mean familiarity of the studied and unstudied items indicates memory strength.  It reflects how much more familiar on average unstudied items are than studied items.  This value is called d'
• To make old/new memory judgments participants set a criterion.  Anything above the critierion is called "old" and anything below the criterion is called "new".  Criterion is flexible and reflects the relative costs of the two kinds of mistakes one can make (i.e. false positives versus false negatives).

Implicit Memory

• In Amnestic Patients
• Shake
• No laughing matter
• In College Students
• False Fame
• Stem Completion (e.g. D - G)
• Homophone Spelling (e.g. KNIGHT vs NIGHT)

Accounts of Implicit Memory (The Recollection / Familiarity Distinction)

• Recollection / Familiarity (Mandler, 1978)

 
• Recollection:
• Inter-item Association
• Strategic/Planned
• Results in the experience of conscious recollection
• Familiarity
• Intra-item Associations
• Automatic/Intuitive
• Results in feeling of familiarity as well as unconscious priming

• Process Dissociation Theory (Jacoby, 1991)
• Different types of tests (direct, indirect) are not pure measures of the underlying processes of recollection and familiarity
• Principle of Opposition:
• If you consciously recollect an item, you can treat the item in a way that is contingent up on its source.
• If an item is merely familiar, you cannot treat the item in a way that is contingent upon its source
• Inclusion Instructions: On this test circle all the items that you studied previously whether they were on list A or list B.
• Exclusion Instructions: On this test circle all the items that you studied from list A, but do not circle any items from list B.
• R= I -E
• F = E/(1-R)