College of Engineering
Dean of the College, 4183 Bell Engineering
Center, 575-3051
Associate Dean, 4188 Bell Engineering Center, 575-6010
Assistant Dean, 3161 Bell Engineering Center, 575-6011
Student Information/Registration, 3189 Bell Engineering Center, 575-3051
Student Relations, 3188 Bell Engineering Center, 575-6015
Engineering Research Center, 575-6407
Dean: Otto J. Loewer, Jr., Ph.D., Purdue University
Associate Dean: Robert C. Welch, Ph.D., University of Texas
Associate Dean: Jim L. Gattis, Ph.D., Purdue University
Assistant Dean: William K. Warnock, Ph.D., Oklahoma State University
Assistant Dean: Thomas Carter III, B.S., Henderson State University
| Engineering Departments | Other Pages |
| Biological & Agricultural Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Systems Engineering Electrical Engineering Industrial Engineering Mechanical Engineering Operations Management Operations Research |
College of Engineering Home Page University of Arkansas Home Page |
ENGINEERING ADVISORY COUNCIL
R.R. Baxter, Baxter Associates, Inc., Palatine, Illinois
O.T. Beasley, (retired) Chemical Market Associates, Inc., Houston, Texas
Ansel Condray, Exxon Company USA, Houston, Texas
William L. Cravens, Alltel Information Services, Little Rock, Arkansas
J. Cliff Eason, Southwestern Bell Telephone, San Antonio, Texas
David D. Foust, Seneca Wire and Manufacturing Company, Fostoria, Ohio
Charles B. Friley, The North American Coal Company, Dallas, Texas
Mary L. Good, Venture Capital Investors, L.L.C., Little Rock, Arkansas
Wesley Haisty, (retired) Detroit Tool & Engineering Company, Lebanon,
Missouri
Jack Harrod, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas
Edward M. Harvey, Harvey Industries, Little Rock, Arkansas
James S. Keel, Jr., Keel Enterprises, Cincinnati, Ohio
Kenneth W. Keltner, (retired) Southwestern Bell Telephone, Little Rock,
Arkansas
Jack L. King, (retired) Scientific Atlanta, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
Rodger S. Kline, Acxiom Corporation, Conway, Arkansas
John Marshall, Entergy Corporation, Little Rock, Arkansas
Ralph E. Martin, Petro Fac, Inc., Tyler, Texas
Michael Means, Arkansas Louisiana Gas Company, Little Rock, Arkansas
Albert H. Miller, Miller-Newell Engineers, Inc., Newport, Arkansas
Ray Owen, Burlington Resources, Houston, Texas
Kirk Pond, Fairchild Semiconductor, Portland, Maine
Otto Loewer, UA College of Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas
Larry Stephens, Mid-South Engineering, Hot Springs, Arkansas
W. Thomas Stephens, Mac Millan Bloedel Limited, Vancouver, BC
Gus Vratsinas, Vratsinas Construction Company, Little Rock, Arkansas
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Recognizing that the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, is a land-grant institution with consequent responsibilities in teaching, research and service, and realizing that these are mutually dependent and necessary responsibilities, the College of Engineering adopts and seeks to fulfill the following statement of purpose.
UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION
To offer a high-quality course of instruction involving classroom, laboratory and extracurricular activities that will result in professionals qualified to begin careers in the field of engineering and prepared to assume responsible places of leadership in society.
GRADUATE EDUCATION
To offer state-of-the-art coursework and research experiences which result in all graduates being capable of independent analysis and design, and all Ph.D. graduates capable of extending the state-of-the-art in their areas of expertise.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
To provide local, regional, national and international seminars, symposia, short courses and credit courses to engineers and others in the technical community to help them further their formal education and keep abreast of new developments in technology.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
To assist actively and vigorously in the growth and development of the State of Arkansas and the nation by performing research and development on state-of-the-art technology, by updating the existing technology within industrial circles, by providing educational support services and by attracting and creating new industry.
EXTERNAL RELATIONS
To communicate effectively with the College's various constituencies in order to establish and maintain long-term relationships which lead to increased support for quality programs in teaching, research and service.
INTERNAL RELATIONS
To involve engineering faculty in active participation in University, College and Department governance and functions.
ORGANIZATION AND FACILITIES
Engineering education at the University of Arkansas dates back to 1873, just two years after the founding of the University. The first degrees were given in Civil Engineering in 1888, but a separate department was not established until 1897. A Department of Electrical Engineering was founded that year, and a Department of Mechanical Engineering was added in 1903. A course in mining engineering was begun in 1880 but dropped in 1886 because of a lack of demand.
The College of Engineering was organized as a college of the University in 1913. In 1945 Chemical Engineering was established as a department of the College although a program had been offered continuously from 1903 as a division within the Department of Chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences.
In 1948 programs in Agricultural and Industrial Engineering were established, and in 1966 the curriculum in Engineering Science was begun. In 1980 the Engineering Science curriculum was merged with the Mechanical Engineering curriculum and the Engineering Science degree program was discontinued. A computer science program was initiated in 1976, and the Department of Computer Systems Engineering was formed in 1985.
The College has been under the leadership of the following deans:
William N. Gladson (1913-1936) George P. Stocker (1936-1948) George F. Branigan (1948-1971) Loren R. Heiple (1971-1979) |
James E. Halligan (1979-1982) Neil M. Schmitt (1983-1996) Otto J. Loewer, Jr. (1996-) |
Engineering Experiment Station
Research is a major function of each of the facilities within the seven departments in the College of Engineering. Research coordination is achieved through the Engineering Experiment Station, which was established for that purpose by an act of the Arkansas Legislature in 1920.
The overall goal of research in the College of Engineering is to provide engineering solutions to important problems that face our society. We utilize our faculty, staff, students, and facilities to enhance the well-being of both public and private sectors. Student involvement in research is especially important in that it helps link students to the needs of their future employers. All departments - Biological & Agricultural, Chemical, Civil, Computer Systems, Electrical, Industrial, and Mechanical engineering - conduct research over a broad spectrum of subjects, which includes areas such as biological and chemical processes; electronics manufacturing; environmental and ecosystems analysis; material and manufacturing; software and telecommunications; and transportation, logistics and infrastructure. Funding for research within the college comes primarily through grants received from government and industry sources.
For further information, address Dr. Jim L. Gattis, Director, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
Engineering Extension Center
In recognition of its responsibilities to the technical community of the state, the College of Engineering formed the Engineering Extension Center on July 1, 1975, to provide continuing educational services for practicing engineers.
The primary objective of the program is to provide the very latest information for updating and keeping current the technical competency of the practitioner. This is accomplished through various program modes such as seminars, shortcourses, conferences, and institutes, as well as through regular course offerings. An additional objective is that of providing an orderly means for a more productive interface between the faculty and practitioners in the different disciplines.
Program planning relies upon the ideas and suggestions of the various interested parties. Further information may be obtained from or transmitted to Dr. Robert C. Welch, Director, Engineering Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
Instructional Facilities
Undergraduate instruction in engineering is conducted in the superior facilities of the Bell Engineering Center, Engineering Hall, and the Mechanical Engineering Building. These facilities contain state-of-the-art instructional equipment in both classrooms and laboratories.
Computer Facilities
The College of Engineering utilizes a wide variety of computing equipment to assist in engineering education including microprocessors, minicomputers, superminicomputers, engineering workstations, and mainframe computers. Each faculty member has a microcomputer or engineering workstation. Student computer access is excellent either through general computer laboratories or computer facilities located in specialized laboratories. The computers are networked so that all the computing power of the University, including the mainframe computers, can be accessed from the microcomputers or workstations provided for engineering students
Laboratory Fee
In lieu of requiring each student to purchase a microcomputer at significant initial cost, each student enrolled in the College of Engineering is assessed a laboratory fee each academic year semester. This fee is used to purchase and maintain equipment and to operate and staff engineering laboratories including both computer labs and other teaching labs.
Library
The books and references used by engineering are housed principally in the University of Arkansas Mullins Library. This collection is the most useful and comprehensive engineering library in the state. Many publications pertinent to the engineering profession are being added continuously. Mullins Library is the depository for water resources papers, geological survey materials, and NASA publications, as well as other governmental and industrial series.
PROGRAM
Engineering is one of the most rewarding of the major professions. Engineers have been primarily responsible for the present high standard of living and for the security of the nation in times of peace and war. Engineering graduates must have a background of sound scientific and economic principles and must be acquainted with industrial practices in their chosen field before they can assume responsibility in the profession.
The freshman curriculum stresses a basic foundation in mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which will be required in later years. The sophomore, junior, and senior years are spent in a strong concentration on the student's chosen field, with emphasis on industrial applications of classroom and laboratory work. By the selection of electives, a student can concentrate in depth in a particular subject or have the flexibility to study several subjects. Provision is made for electives in the humanities and social sciences as a means of providing a well-rounded education.
The College of Engineering offers undergraduate programs leading to the Bachelor of Science degree in the various engineering disciplines, and, in cooperation with the Graduate School, programs leading to the Master of Science degree in those areas. A program of advanced study in engineering leading to the Doctor of Philosophy degree was established in 1958. A broad, general education is provided, with special emphasis on the physical sciences and their application to the needs of modern civilization.
DEGREES OFFERED
The College of Engineering offers curricula accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) leading to the following baccalaureate degrees:
| Bachelor of Science in Biological and Agricultural Engineering (B.S.B.A.E.) |
| Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (B.S.Ch.E.) |
| Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (B.S.C.E.) |
| Bachelor of Science in Computer Systems Engineering (B.S.C.S.E.) |
| Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (B.S.E.E.) |
| Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering (B.S.I.E.) |
| Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (B.S.M.E.) |
Students can be awarded a second bachelor's degree in engineering by satisfying all the requirements for both degrees. In doing this, the student must complete a minimum of 30 semester hours of studies for the second degree, which are not used to satisfy any requirement for the first one.
COLLEGE ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
Entering freshmen admitted to the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, are eligible to enroll in the College of Engineering.
Computer Skills
Future students are strongly encouraged to take a one-year high school course in basic computer skills which should include at a minimum: (1) basic use of a common operating system, (2) word processing, and (3) use of a spread sheet. All engineering departments either recommend or require that incoming students deficient in these skills take a specified remedial course. Taking high school courses in engineering drawing and computer programming is also very beneficial and is strongly encouraged.
International Students
Before being admitted to the electrical engineering program or the computer systems engineering program, international students will be required to present a score of 220 or better on the Test of Spoken English (TSE) exam and a score of 1000 or better on the SAT or 25 on the ACT.
Transfer of Credit
In addition to the University policies controlling the granting of credit for course work taken at other institutions, the following policies apply to students entering the College of Engineering.
1. All courses taken at another institution are subject to approval by the Dean of the College of Engineering and the head of the degree-granting department. Credit from all institutions must be approved on a course-by-course basis to ensure its acceptability in fulfilling requirements for a degree in engineering. In making this evaluation, the student may be required by the dean and/or department head to produce catalogs from the institution from which the student is transferring that contain descriptions of the courses for which credit is expected in an engineering discipline.
2. Advanced (3000- and 4000-level at the University of Arkansas) engineering courses may not normally be transferred from institutions that do not have engineering programs accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).
3. No degree credit will be granted for any course taken at another institution in which the student's grade in that course was not the equivalent of at least 2.00 on a 4.00 grading system.
Three-Two Transfer Plan
The College of Engineering recognizes that a graduate engineer, to be of full service to his community, must be trained in the social sciences and humanities as well as in technical subjects. The practice of industry to elevate engineers to managerial and administrative positions emphasizes the desirability of a broad educational background.
In recognition of this need, the College of Engineering of the University of Arkansas has entered into a cooperative program with several universities to provide for a five-year combined course of study. This program enables the student to pursue a combined curriculum leading to degrees in both liberal arts and engineering at the baccalaureate level: the student may pursue a three-year liberal arts curriculum at any one of these institutions and then specialize for two years at the University of Arkansas. After four years of study under the combined program he/she is awarded the Bachelor of Arts degree by one of the participating liberal arts institutions; at the end of the fifth year he/she is awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science in an engineering discipline by the University of Arkansas.
COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIPS
The College of Engineering awards a number of scholarships to its students each year. These awards are based primarily upon academic performance. An application for scholarship filed with the Engineering Dean's Office prior to April 1 will result in the student being considered for all scholarships administered by the College of Engineering.
In addition to the scholarships available to current students, a limited number of college and departmental scholarships are awarded to entering freshmen of exceptional ability. To be considered for a scholarship, your application must be received by March 1 of your senior year in high school. For further information, contact Dr. Robert C. Welch, Associate Dean, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
HONORARY AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
The following are honorary-scholarship and professional societies to which engineering students at the University of Arkansas may aspire:
Tau Beta Pi (Engineering)
Alpha Epsilon (Biological/Agricultural Engineering)
Omega Chi Epsilon (Chemical Engineering)
Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering)
Eta Kappa Nu (Electrical Engineering)
Alpha Pi Mu (Industrial Engineering)
Pi Tau Sigma (Mechanical Engineering)
Alpha Chi Sigma (Chemistry)
Phi Eta Sigma (freshmen)
Phi Kappa Phi (juniors and seniors)
Pi Mu Epsilon (Mathematics)
Theta Tau, professional engineering fraternity, maintains a chapter house
on the campus and is active in University and College affairs.
Several national engineering societies-including the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Institute of Chemical Engineers, the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the Institute of Industrial Engineers, the National Society of Black Engineers, the Society of American Military Engineers, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the Society of Women Engineers-maintain student branches in the College of Engineering, each under the auspices of a professor in the related department.
COLLEGE ACADEMIC REGULATIONS
Students are expected to keep themselves informed concerning current regulations, policies, and program requirements in their fields of study and must meet all requirements of the degree programs in which they are enrolled. Courses that are modified or added to a curriculum and that are incorporated into the curriculum at a level beyond that at which a student is enrolled may become graduation requirements for that student. Courses that are incorporated into the curriculum at a level lower than the one at which the student is enrolled are not required for that student.
Eligibility
Only students enrolled in the College of Engineering or enrolled in programs in which curricula require engineering courses will be allowed to take engineering courses. Exceptions to this requirement must be approved by the Dean of Engineering. This does not apply to graduate students.
Pre-Professional Program
Engineering students follow essentially the same schedule of courses during the freshman year regardless of their intended field of specialization. Certain courses normally taken in the first year comprise the pre-professional curriculum.
The pre-professional curriculum consists of the following courses:
Hours Course
3 ENGL 1013, Composition I
3 ENGL 1023, Technical Composition II
8 CHEM 1103, 1101L, 1123, 1121L, University Chemistry I & II and Labs1
4 MATH 2554, Calculus I
4 MATH 2564, Calculus II
Total:22 semester hours
Satisfactory completion of the pre-professional curriculum is a prerequisite for enrollment in any 2000-level or higher engineering course. Satisfactory completion is defined as a grade of "C'' or better in each course or, alternatively, a grade-point average of at least 2.20 for the courses comprising the pre-professional curriculum. If courses are repeated, all attempts are included in the computation of the grade-point average.
Additional courses are included in the pre-professional curriculum for electrical engineering and computer systems engineering students. Electrical engineering students must complete CSEG 1913, Introduction to Computers, and PHYS 2053/2051L, University Physics I (and Laboratory) in addition to the above college pre-professional requirements. Industrial engineering students must complete CSEG 1913, Introduction to Computers rather than CHEM 1123/1121L in the college pre-professional requirements. Computer systems engineering students must complete CSEG 1913, Introduction to Computers, rather than CHEM 1123/1121L in the college pre-professional requirements. Satisfactory completion for electrical engineering or computer systems engineering students is defined as a grade of "C'' or better in each course and a grade-point average of at least 2.50 for the courses comprising the pre-professional curriculum. If courses are repeated, the best attempt is used in computing the grade-point average. Satisfactory completion for Industrial Engineering students is defined as a grade of "C" or better in each course comprising the pre-professional curriculum.
Students who enroll in 2000-level or higher engineering courses without satisfactorily completing the pre-professional program will be administratively dropped from those courses. Limited exceptions can be made by the department head with the approval of the Dean when extenuating circumstances exist that are beyond the control of the student.
During the second, third, and fourth years of work the student pursues a prescribed curriculum of technical and nontechnical courses as preparation for professional practice in a chosen engineering field.
Humanities and Social Sciences Requirements
Every student in the College of Engineering is required to complete a minimum of 18 semester hours in the humanities and social sciences. Six semester hours must be at the 3000-level or above. No more than nine semester hours from any single discipline may be presented for degree credit. To meet the State Minimum Core requirements, the total number of hours (both upper level and lower level) in the fine arts/humanities courses must be at least six, and the social science hours must total at least nine (in addition to the U.S. history or government requirement). The six hours of courses at the 3000-level or above may be in the fine arts/humanities area, the social science area, or divided between the two areas. A list of approved upper-level humanities/social science courses is available in departmental offices and the dean's office.
Since some of the humanities/social science courses are specified in some of the curricula, e.g., ECON 2143 in chemical, industrial, and mechanical engineering and PHIL 3103 in electrical engineering, the student should consult the curriculum of the department in which he/she is enrolled prior to selecting electives.
State Minimum Core Requirements
Every student seeking a baccalaureate degree from the College of Engineering must satisfy the State Minimum Core requirements and the humanities and social science requirements of the College of Engineering. The State Minimum Core requirements for University of Arkansas students are as follows:
Areas Credit Hours
English 6
U.S. History or Government 3
Mathematics 32
Science 83
Fine Arts/Humanities 64
Social Science 94
State Minimum Core Requirements for Engineering Students
The University of Arkansas courses accepted for engineering students in fulfillment of the State Minimum Core include the following:
| Areas Credit Hours | University Courses |
| English 6 | ENGL 1013, Composition I and ENGL 1023, Technical Composition II5 |
| U.S. History 3 | HIST 2003, Hist American People to 1877 or HIST 2013, Hist American People 1877 to Present or PLSC 2003, Amer National Govt |
| Mathematics 4 | MATH 2554, Calculus I |
| Science 8 | PHYS 2053/2051L, Univ Physics I and PHYS 2073/2071L, Univ Physics II |
| Fine Arts 6 | elect from two of the following Humanities b) c) d) |
| Social Sciences | Select from at least two different social sciences as follows:10 a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) |
Special Courses
The curricula outlined on the following pages will be followed by the majority of engineering students. There are, however, courses in several departments, such as English, western civilization, and mathematics, for superior students who qualify for honors courses. For students not ready to pursue the regular courses in the engineering curriculum, certain preparatory courses in English, mathematics, and chemistry are offered on the basis of placement scores.
College Policy on Academic Ethics
The purpose of this policy statement is to define and encourage a uniform application of rules and regulations regarding academic ethics throughout the College of Engineering. Unethical conduct undermines the pursuit of the educational goals of this institution and erodes the honor, ability, and reputation of its graduates. This policy is intended to promote an academic climate wherein the full potential of each student can be realized and recognized.
Code of Ethics
Every student in the College of Engineering is obligated to comply with pertinent provisions of the Code of Ethics11 applicable to professional practice following graduation. The Code requires "honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity,'' and "adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.'' Most particularly, it states that engineers shall
1. be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements,
or testimony,
2. not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their academic or professional
qualifications,
3. give credit for engineering work to those whom credit is due,
4. not compete unfairly with other engineers by attempting to obtain employment
or advancement by improper or questionable methods,
5. avoid any act tending to promote their own interest at the expense of
the dignity and integrity of the profession.
Examples of Unethical Conduct
Pursuant to these provisions, the faculty of the College considers the following to be specific examples of unethical conduct:
1. Submission, as one's own, of any work prepared totally
or in part by someone else.
2. Plagiarism-that is, the unacknowledged incorporation of another person's
work, either verbatim or in substance, in work submitted for credit.
3. Unauthorized collaboration with another person in preparing work submitted
for credit.
4. Unauthorized submission, for credit, of work previously credited in another
course.
5. Unauthorized alteration of work submitted for regrading.
6. The use of unauthorized materials or aids during examinations.
7. Copying from the examination paper of another student or giving aid to,
or seeking aid from, another student during an examination.
8. Using, obtaining, or attempting to obtain by any means the whole or any
part of an unadministered examination, or of information pertaining thereto.
9. Taking, or attempting to take, an examination for another student, or
allowing another student to take or attempt to take an examination for oneself.
10. Any conduct expressly stated to be unethical by the instructor in a
particular course.
11. Aiding, abetting, or condoning unethical conduct on the part of another
student.
Strict adherence to the foregoing Code of Ethics is a requirement for graduation
from the College of Engineering.
Faculty Response to Acts of Unethical Conduct
Upon becoming aware of unethical conduct, the faculty member should:
1. Collect and/or prepare appropriate documentation of the act. Examples of suitable documents are (a) reproduced copies of examinations, papers, or reports that establish unethical conduct; (b) signed written statements regarding unethical conduct by another student. (This means may be used by students to initiate action in cases of unethical conduct.)
2. Inform the student of any action to be taken in response to unethical conduct. Possible actions include (a) reduction of grade; the faculty member may decide to reduce the grade on a particular test or assignment or to assign a failing grade for the course; (b) request the College of Engineering Academic Ethics Board to rule that the student does not meet the requirements for graduation.
3. Submit a report to the College of Engineering Academic Ethics Board and give a copy of the report to the student(s) involved. Copies of documentation should accompany the report submitted to the Board. (The report will provide protection against repeated offenses in different courses.)
College of Engineering Academic Ethics Board
The purpose of the Academic Ethics Board is to review the academic ethics reports submitted by faculty members and any record of previous infractions. When the circumstances warrant, the board can, by a two-thirds vote, rule that the student does not meet the requirements for graduation from the college as set forth in the engineering catalog. (The board can specify conditions under which the requirements might still be met.)
The board shall be made up of seven tenured engineering faculty members and two students. The faculty members in each department of the College of Engineering shall elect one person from the faculty in their department to serve on the board. Each board member shall serve a two-year term. The Student Engineering Council will appoint the student members to serve staggered two-year terms.
Appeals
A student who wishes to appeal a decision by a faculty member or by the College of Engineering Academic Ethics Board may utilize existing University academic grievance procedures.
COLLEGE DEGREE REQUIREMENTS
The basic requirement for a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering is 126-136 semester hours of academic work, depending on the career field chosen. While students coming from high school with adequate preparation will be able to satisfy this requirement in eight semesters, some students require preparatory courses and others choose to enroll in slightly lighter loads and graduate in nine or ten semesters. Students enrolled in ROTC require an additional 19 semester hours to meet all graduation requirements and graduate in 10 semesters (5 years).
Engineering is a rapidly changing profession, and the departmental curricula are updated continuously to keep pace with these changes. Students entering under this catalog will be required to comply with such curriculum changes to earn their degree. However, the total number of semester hours required for the degree may not be increased, and all work completed in accordance with this catalog prior to the curriculum change will be applied toward the student's degree requirements. Former students of the college must meet the curriculum requirements in effect at the time of their readmission.
College Graduation Requirements
In addition to the University Requirements for Graduation (pages 60-62), a candidate for a degree from the College of Engineering must also meet the following requirements:
Candidates for engineering degrees must meet the minimum curricular requirements established by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.
A candidate for a degree from the College of Engineering
must have earned a grade-point average of no less than 2.00 on all courses
in the student's major area of study, all engineering courses, and all work
completed at the University and presented for the degree. Grades on work
taken at other colleges and presented for transfer credit must also meet
this standard.