Guantánamo Province is the easternmost province in Cuba. It is roughly 45 miles from Haiti. The province is most famous for the Guantánamo naval base, which the United States received as part of the 1902 Platt Amendment.

The main agricultural activities are sugar production and cattle ranching. Cuba became the world's leading producer of sugar after the slave rebellion in Haiti.

The northern town of Baracoa is mentioned in Christopher Columbus' diary entrees. The town was the first Spanish settlement, founded in 1512.