Perfect System of Verbs

Perfect System:

NOTA BENE: The perfect system functions in two separate ways based on VOICE.

ACTIVE VOICE:

Active voice verbs of the perfect system are formed by adding endings to the perfect active stem from the 3rd principle part of each verb.
PERSON, NUMBER, and TENSE are indicated by the personal ending.
MOOD is indicated by a shift in the stem.

PASSIVE VOICE:

Passive voice verbs of the perfect system are formed by the pairing of the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE with a form of [ESSE]. Thus, all passive perfect system verbs are compound (composed of two words).
PERSON, NUMBER, and TENSE are indicated by the form of [esse] used. The perfect passive participle component indicates NUMBER ONLY.
MOOD is indicated by the mood of the form of [esse.] There is no future-perfect form of the subjunctive.

PERFECT INDICATIVE ENDINGS and FORMS of [ESSE]:

Person/number Singularis-Act Pluralis-Act Singularis-Pass Pluralis-Pass

1st -i -imus (perf. pass. part.) sum (perf. pass. part.) sumus

2nd -isti -istis (perf. pass. part.) es (perf. pass. part.) estis

3rd -it -erunt (perf. pass. part.) est (perf. pass. part.) sunt

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ENDINGS and FORMS of [ESSE]: (imperfect of esse)

Person/number Singularis-Act Pluralis-Act Singularis-Pass Pluralis-Pass

1st -eram -eramus (perf. pass. part.) eram (perf. pass. part.) eramus

2nd -eras -eratis (perf. pass. part.) eras (perf. pass. part.) eratis

3rd -erat -erant (perf. pass. part.) erat (perf. pass. part.) erant

FUTURE-PERFECT INDICATIVE ENDINGS and FORMS of [ESSE]: (future of esse)

Person/number Singularis-Act Pluralis-Act Singularis-Pass Pluralis-Pass

1st -ero -erimus (perf. pass. part.) ero (perf. pass. part.) erimus

2nd -eris -eritis (perf. pass. part.) eris (perf. pass. part.) eritis

3rd -erit -erint (perf. pass. part.) erit (perf. pass. part.) erunt

All tenses of the perfect system denote completed (perfectum) action.

Tenses of the Perfect System:

PERFECT: refers to completed action in the past.
PLUPERFECT: refers to action completed in the past before the time of the perfect.
FUTURE-PERFECT: refers to action that will be completed when viewed from a point even farther into the future.

Perfect System of Verbs

Perfect System:

Liber Grammaticus Latinus /\\||\\/ Classis Latina MIII Pagina Villae